The geometry of the 4×4 square may be associated with the name
Galois, as in "the Galois tesseract," or similarly with the name Kummer.
Here is a Google image search using the latter name —
(Click to enlarge.)
Sunday, February 20, 2022
4×4 Nomenclature
Comments Off on 4×4 Nomenclature
Saturday, December 18, 2021
Saturday, March 7, 2020
The “Octad Group” as Symmetries of the 4×4 Square
From "Mathieu Moonshine and Symmetry Surfing" —
(Submitted on 29 Sep 2016, last revised 22 Jan 2018)
by Matthias R. Gaberdiel (1), Christoph A. Keller (2),
and Hynek Paul (1)
(1) Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich
(2) Department of Mathematics, ETH Zurich
https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.09302v2 —
"This presentation of the symmetry groups Gi is
particularly well-adapted for the symmetry surfing
philosophy. In particular it is straightforward to
combine them into an overarching symmetry group G
by combining all the generators. The resulting group is
the so-called octad group
G = (Z2)4 â‹Š A8 .
It can be described as a maximal subgroup of M24
obtained by the setwise stabilizer of a particular
'reference octad' in the Golay code, which we take
to be O9 = {3,5,6,9,15,19,23,24} ∈ đť’˘24. The octad
subgroup is of order 322560, and its index in M24
is 759, which is precisely the number of
different reference octads one can choose."
This "octad group" is in fact the symmetry group of the affine 4-space over GF(2),
so described in 1979 in connection not with the Golay code but with the geometry
of the 4×4 square.* Its nature as an affine group acting on the Golay code was
known long before 1979, but its description as an affine group acting on
the 4×4 square may first have been published in connection with the
Cullinane diamond theorem and Abstract 79T-A37, "Symmetry invariance in a
diamond ring," by Steven H. Cullinane in Notices of the American Mathematical
Society , February 1979, pages A-193, 194.
* The Galois tesseract .
Update of March 15, 2020 —
Conway and Sloane on the "octad group" in 1993 —
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Sunday, September 8, 2019
Thursday, June 27, 2019
Group Actions on the 4x4x4 Cube
For affine group actions, see Ex Fano Appollinis (June 24)
and Solomon's Cube.
For one approach to Mathieu group actions on a 24-cube subset
of the 4x4x4 cube, see . . .
For a different sort of Mathieu cube, see Aitchison.
Comments Off on Group Actions on the 4x4x4 Cube
Thursday, February 7, 2019
Geometry of the 4×4 Square: The Kummer Configuration
From the series of posts tagged Kummerhenge —
A Wikipedia article relating the above 4×4 square to the work of Kummer —
A somewhat more interesting aspect of the geometry of the 4×4 square
is its relationship to the 4×6 grid underlying the Miracle Octad Generator
(MOG) of R. T. Curtis. Hudson's 1905 classic Kummer's Quartic Surface
deals with the Kummer properties above and also foreshadows, without
explicitly describing, the finite-geometry properties of the 4×4 square as
a finite affine 4-space — properties that are of use in studying the Mathieu
group M24 with the aid of the MOG.
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Tuesday, September 13, 2016
Parametrizing the 4×4 Array
The previous post discussed the parametrization of
the 4×4 array as a vector 4-space over the 2-element
Galois field GF(2).
The 4×4 array may also be parametrized by the symbol
0 along with the fifteen 2-subsets of a 6-set, as in Hudson's
1905 classic Kummer's Quartic Surface —
Hudson in 1905:
These two ways of parametrizing the 4×4 array — as a finite space
and as an array of 2-element sets — were related to one another
by Cullinane in 1986 in describing, in connection with the Curtis
"Miracle Octad Generator," what turned out to be 15 of Hudson's
1905 "Göpel tetrads":
A recap by Cullinane in 2013:
Click images for further details.
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Friday, January 17, 2014
The 4×4 Relativity Problem
The sixteen-dot square array in yesterday’s noon post suggests
the following remarks.
“This is the relativity problem: Â to fix objectively a class of
equivalent coordinatizations and to ascertain the group of
transformations S mediating between them.”
— Hermann Weyl, The Classical Groups ,
Princeton University Press, 1946, p. 16
The Galois tesseract appeared in an early form in the journal
Computer Graphics and Art , Vol. 2, No. 1, February 1977—
The 1977 matrix Q is echoed in the following from 2002—
A different representation of Cullinane’s 1977 square model of the
16-point affine geometry over the two-element Galois field GF(2)
is supplied by Conway and Sloane in Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups  Â
(first published in 1988)Â :
​Here a, b, c, d  are basis vectors in the vector 4-space over GF(2).
(For a 1979 version of this vector space, see AMS Abstract 79T-A37.)
See also a 2011 publication of the Mathematical Association of America —
Comments Off on The 4×4 Relativity Problem
Sunday, November 17, 2024
Weyl, Symmetry, and the MOG
(HTML version of an earlier post)
Some historical background for a new book by Robert T. Curtis,
The Art of Working with the Mathieu Group M24 —
"Space is another example of an entity endowed with a structure.
Here the elements are points, and the structure is established
in terms of certain basic relations between points such as:
A, B, C lie on a straight line, AB is congruent CD, and the like.
What we learn from our whole discussion and what has indeed
become a guiding principle in modern mathematics is this lesson:
Whenever you have to do with a structure endowed entity Σ
try to determine its group of automorphisms, the group of those
element-wise transformations which leave all structural relations
undisturbed. You can expect to gain a deep insight into the
constitution of Σ in this way. After that you may start to investigate
symmetric configurations of elements, i.e. configurations which are
invariant under a certain subgroup of the group of all automorphisms;
and it may be advisable, before looking for such configurations,
to study the subgroups themselves, e.g. the subgroup of those
automorphisms which leave one element fixed, or leave two distinct
elements fixed, and investigate what discontinuous or finite subgroups
there exist, and so forth."
— Hermann Weyl, Symmetry, Princeton University Press, 1952.
(Page 144 in the Princeton Science Library edition of 1989.)
This square's automorphism group
has 322,560 transformations.
— The diamond theorem of Steven H. Cullinane.
This rectangle's automorphism group
has 244,823,040 transformations.
— The Miracle Octad Generator (MOG) of Robert T. Curtis.
The rectangle's automorphism group contains the
square's as a subgroup. The square's automorphism
group leaves invariant a set of 30 eight-subsquare sets
called affine hyperplanes. The rectangle's automorphism
group leaves invariant a set of 759 eight-subsquare sets
called octads.
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(HTML version of an earlier post)
(HTML version of an earlier post)
Saturday, November 16, 2024
Automorphism Groups: Examples for Weyl
Keywords: Weyl, symmetry, group, automorphism,
octad, MOG, Curtis, Cullinane.
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Wednesday, July 31, 2024
My Links — Steven H. Cullinane
Main webpage of record . . .
Encyclopedia of Mathematics https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Cullinane_diamond_theorem
Supplementary PDF from Jan. 6, 2006 https://encyclopediaofmath.org/images/3/37/Dtheorem.pdf
Originally published in paper version . . .
Computer Graphics and Art, 1978 http://finitegeometry.org/sc/gen/Diamond_Theory_Article.pdf
AMS abstract, 1979: "Symmetry Invariance in a Diamond Ring" https://www.cullinane.design/
American Mathematical Monthly, 1984 and 1985: "Triangles Are Square" http://finitegeometry.org/sc/16/trisquare.html
Personal sites . . .
Primary —
Personal journal http://m759.net/wordpress/
Mathematics website http://finitegeometry.org/sc/
Mathematics Images Gallery http://m759.net/piwigo/index.php?/category/2
Secondary —
Portfoliobox https://cullinane.pb.design/
Substack https://stevenhcullinane.substack.com/
Symmetry Summary https://shc759.wordpress.com
Diamond Theory Cover Structure https://shc7596.wixsite.com/website
SOCIAL:
Pinterest https://www.pinterest.com/stevenhcullinane/ (many mathematics notes)
Flickr https://www.flickr.com/photos/m759/ (backup account for images of mathematics notes)
Instagram https://www.instagram.com/stevencullinane
TikTok https://www.tiktok.com/@stevenhcullinane
X.com https://x.com/shc759
OTHER:
Replit viewer/download https://replit.com/@m759/View-4x4x4?v=1
SourceForge download https://sourceforge.net/projects/finitegeometry/
Academia.edu https://stevenhcullinane.academia.edu/ GitHub https://github.com/m759 (finite geometry site download)
Internet Archive: Notes on Groups and Geometry https://archive.org/details/NotesOnGroupsAndGeometry1978-1986/mode/2up
Cited at . . .
The Diamond Theorem and Truchet Tiles http://www.log24.com/log22/220429-Basque-DT-1.pdf
April 2024 UNION article in Spanish featuring the diamond theorem https://union.fespm.es/index.php/UNION/article/view/1608/1214
April 2024 UNION article in English http://log24.com/notes/240923-Ibanez-Torres-on-diamond-theorem-Union-April-2024-in-English.pdf
Cullinane in a 2020 Royal Holloway Ph.D. thesis https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/40176912/2020thomsonkphd.pdf
Squares, Chevrons, Pinwheels, and Bach https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/36444818/fugue-no-21-elements-of-finite-geometry
Observables programmed presentation of diamond theorem https://observablehq.com/@radames/diamond-theory-symmetry-in-binary-spaces
Josefine Lyche — Plato's Diamond https://web.archive.org/web/20240222064628/http://www.josefinelyche.com/index.php?/selected-exhibitions/platos-diamond/
Josefine Lyche — Diamond Theorem https://web.archive.org/web/20230921122049/http://josefinelyche.com/index.php?/selected-exhibitions/uten-ramme-nye-rom/
Professional sites . . .
Association for Computing Machinery https://member.acm.org/~scullinane
bio.site/cullinane … maintenance at https://biosites.com
ORCID bio page https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1135-419X
Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=NcjmFwQAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate
Academic repositories:
Harvard Dataverse https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/KHMMVH
Harvard DASH article on PG(3,2) https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37373777
Zenodo website download https://zenodo.org/records/1038121
Zenodo research notes https://zenodo.org/search?q=metadata.creators.person_or_org.name%3A%22Cullinane%2C%20Steven%20H.%22&l=list&p=1&s=10&sort=bestmatch
Figurate Geometry at Open Science Framework (OSF) https://osf.io/47fkd/
arXiv: "The Diamond Theorem" https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.1075
Comments Off on My Links — Steven H. Cullinane
Tuesday, July 2, 2024
In memory of artist June Leaf —
Avant-Garde: The Usual Suspects
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Avant-Garde: The Usual Suspects
Avant-Garde: The Usual Suspects
Sunday, June 30, 2024
Minecraft as a design tool: The Trial
(Kafkaesque? Maybe, maybe not.)
Comments Off on Minecraft as a design tool: The Trial
(Kafkaesque? Maybe, maybe not.)
(Kafkaesque? Maybe, maybe not.)
Wednesday, June 19, 2024
Friday, June 14, 2024
Summer of ’42: Python’s Monty
From April 14, 2024, some culture notes that I prefer —
An example of pi.ai's clear and pleasant conversational style
(output format simplified for presentation here) —
Can you help with computer coding problems?
Absolutely, Steven! đź’» While I can't guarantee I'll have all the answers,
I'll certainly do my best to help you debug and find solutions to your
coding conundrums. Which coding language are you working with, and what's
giving you trouble?
I want to learn how Python can permute sections of a square array.
There are several ways to permute sections of a square array in Python,
depending on your specific needs. Here are a few examples:
Using NumPy's random.permutation() function:
python
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
permuted_arr = np.random.permutation(arr)
Using itertools.permutations():
python
import itertools
arr = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
permutations = list(itertools.permutations(arr))
Using custom permutation algorithms:
python
def custom_permutation(arr):
# your custom permutation logic here
arr = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
permuted_arr = custom_permutation(arr)
Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses, and which one
you choose will depend on the size of your array, the number of
permutations you need, and your performance requirements.
I would like to use python's custom permutation method to permute
the four quadrants of a 4×4 array.
Here's an example of how to define a custom permutation function
in Python to permute the four quadrants of a 4×4 array:
python
def custom_permutation(arr):
# Split array into 4 quadrants
q1 = arr[:2, :2]
q2 = arr[:2, 2:]
q3 = arr[2:, :2]
q4 = arr[2:, 2:]
# Permute quadrants
permuted_arr = np.block([
[q3, q1],
[q4, q2]
])
return permuted_arr
# Sample 4x4 array
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15, 16]])
permuted_arr = custom_permutation(arr)
print(permuted_arr)
In this example, we've defined a function custom_permutation()
that takes a 4×4 NumPy array as input. The function splits the array
into four quadrants (q1, q2, q3, and q4), and then uses NumPy's block()
function to create a new array with the quadrants permuted. The
resulting permuted_arr array has its quadrants rearranged.
Of course, this is just one possible permutation of the array's quadrants.
You can modify the custom_permutation() function to implement other
permutations as needed.
I tried the code you gave me and got the error “np name not defined.”
Apologies for that! I missed an import statement in the previous example.
You need to import the NumPy library at the beginning of your script to
use the np alias and its functions. Here's the corrected code:
python
import numpy as np
def custom_permutation(arr):
# Split array into 4 quadrants
q1 = arr[:2, :2]
q2 = arr[:2, 2:]
q3 = arr[2:, :2]
q4 = arr[2:, 2:]
# Permute quadrants
permuted_arr = np.block([
[q3, q1],
[q4, q2]
])
return permuted_arr
# Sample 4x4 array
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15, 16]])
permuted_arr = custom_permutation(arr)
print(permuted_arr)
This code should work now without any issues.
It did work. Thank you, Pi.
You're very welcome, Steven! I'm glad the code worked for you.
If you have any more questions or need help with anything else,
feel free to ask.
Comments Off on Summer of ’42: Python’s Monty
Friday, June 7, 2024
A Symbol for the Seventh:
“As a Chinese jar . . . .” — T. S. Eliot
Some may prefer the Stargate version of a seventh symbol —
“Jackson has identified the seventh symbol.” — Stargate
Comments Off on A Symbol for the Seventh:
“As a Chinese jar . . . .” — T. S. Eliot
“As a Chinese jar . . . .” — T. S. Eliot
Friday, May 24, 2024
One Lesson
"At the present time there is no direct experimental evidence
that supersymmetry is a fundamental symmetry of nature . . . ."
— Introduction to the 1983 book
Superspace or One Thousand and One Lessons in Supersymmetry
Also from 1983 . . .
For direct experimental evidence of this symmetry, see . . .
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Friday, April 19, 2024
Benchmarking Meta.ai
Transcription —
(With one correction … The Meta.ai phrase "the group of 322,560"
was changed to "a group of 322,560" … and one addition — the
acronym MOG was defined. Superscript numerals for missing footnotes
were removed.)
|
You What is the Cullinane diamond theorem? Meta AI The Cullinane diamond theorem states that every image of D (a 4×4 array of two-color diagonally divided square tiles) under the group G (a group of 322,560 permutations of these 16 tiles) has some ordinary or color-interchange symmetry. Here are some key points about the theorem :
|
Comments Off on Benchmarking Meta.ai
Sunday, April 14, 2024
Benchmarking Pi
An example of pi.ai's clear and pleasant conversational style
(output format simplified for presentation here) —
Can you help with computer coding problems?
Absolutely, Steven! đź’» While I can't guarantee I'll have all the answers,
I'll certainly do my best to help you debug and find solutions to your
coding conundrums. Which coding language are you working with, and what's
giving you trouble?
I want to learn how Python can permute sections of a square array.
There are several ways to permute sections of a square array in Python,
depending on your specific needs. Here are a few examples:
Using NumPy's random.permutation() function:
python
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
permuted_arr = np.random.permutation(arr)
Using itertools.permutations():
python
import itertools
arr = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
permutations = list(itertools.permutations(arr))
Using custom permutation algorithms:
python
def custom_permutation(arr):
# your custom permutation logic here
arr = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
permuted_arr = custom_permutation(arr)
Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses, and which one
you choose will depend on the size of your array, the number of
permutations you need, and your performance requirements.
I would like to use python's custom permutation method to permute
the four quadrants of a 4×4 array.
Here's an example of how to define a custom permutation function
in Python to permute the four quadrants of a 4×4 array:
python
def custom_permutation(arr):
# Split array into 4 quadrants
q1 = arr[:2, :2]
q2 = arr[:2, 2:]
q3 = arr[2:, :2]
q4 = arr[2:, 2:]
# Permute quadrants
permuted_arr = np.block([
[q3, q1],
[q4, q2]
])
return permuted_arr
# Sample 4x4 array
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15, 16]])
permuted_arr = custom_permutation(arr)
print(permuted_arr)
In this example, we've defined a function custom_permutation()
that takes a 4×4 NumPy array as input. The function splits the array
into four quadrants (q1, q2, q3, and q4), and then uses NumPy's block()
function to create a new array with the quadrants permuted. The
resulting permuted_arr array has its quadrants rearranged.
Of course, this is just one possible permutation of the array's quadrants.
You can modify the custom_permutation() function to implement other
permutations as needed.
I tried the code you gave me and got the error “np name not defined.”
Apologies for that! I missed an import statement in the previous example.
You need to import the NumPy library at the beginning of your script to
use the np alias and its functions. Here's the corrected code:
python
import numpy as np
def custom_permutation(arr):
# Split array into 4 quadrants
q1 = arr[:2, :2]
q2 = arr[:2, 2:]
q3 = arr[2:, :2]
q4 = arr[2:, 2:]
# Permute quadrants
permuted_arr = np.block([
[q3, q1],
[q4, q2]
])
return permuted_arr
# Sample 4x4 array
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[9, 10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15, 16]])
permuted_arr = custom_permutation(arr)
print(permuted_arr)
This code should work now without any issues.
It did work. Thank you, Pi.
You're very welcome, Steven! I'm glad the code worked for you.
If you have any more questions or need help with anything else,
feel free to ask.
Comments Off on Benchmarking Pi
Monday, March 11, 2024
Fundamental Figurate Geometry: Triangle Subdivision
Click to enlarge.
See as well "Triangles are Square," at
http://finitegeometry.org/sc/16/trisquare.html.
(I happened to find the Basu-Owen paper tonight
via a Google image search for "congruent subsets" . . .
as opposed to the "congruent subarrays" of
the previous post.)
Update of 3:54 PM ET Monday, March 11, 2024 —
This Stanford version of my square-to-triangle mapping
is the first publication in a new Zenodo community —
Citation for the research note:
Cullinane, Steven H. (2024). Fundamental Figurate Geometry:
Triangle Subdivision (Version 2). Zenodo.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10822848
(latest version as of March 15, 2024)
Comments Off on Fundamental Figurate Geometry: Triangle Subdivision
Monday, March 4, 2024
Report on the Diamond Theorem
by Google Gemini (Advanced)
|
by Google Gemini AI Monday, March 4, 2024
Absolutely! Here's an academic paper about the Cullinane diamond theorem. Please note that while I provide citations, in a fully formatted paper you'd need to adhere to your chosen academic style guide for proper formatting:
The Cullinane Diamond Theorem: Abstract This paper examines the Cullinane diamond theorem, a principle in finite projective geometry that offers unexpected insights into the symmetries found in graphic designs. The theorem, initially formulated by Steven H. Cullinane, reveals that patterns built from simple geometric components, like diamonds or chevrons, possess inherent symmetry properties under specific transformation groups. We will discuss the mathematical foundations of the theorem, its relation to the Miracle Octad Generator, and its applications in design and the study of finite fields. Introduction Symmetry plays a vital role in art and design, contributing to a sense of balance, harmony, and aesthetic appeal. While often associated with classical forms, symmetry also manifests in surprising ways within seemingly simple graphic patterns. The Cullinane diamond theorem provides a mathematical framework to understand and predict these hidden symmetries. Mathematical Background Finite Projective Geometries: The Cullinane diamond theorem has its roots in finite projective geometry. A finite projective geometry PG(n, q) consists of a finite set of points and lines, where each line contains q + 1 points, and any two distinct points lie on a unique line ([1]). Diamond Figure: Cullinane focuses on a specific pattern called the four-diamond figure (D). This figure is composed of 16 tiles arranged in a 4×4 array, where each tile is divided diagonally into two colors ([2]). Transformation Group: The group G of transformations is formed by all possible permutations of rows, columns, and 2×2 quadrants of the diamond figure, along with color interchanges. The size of this group is 322,560 ([2]). The Cullinane Diamond Theorem
Theorem:
Proof: Connections to the Miracle Octad Generator The Cullinane diamond theorem shares a relationship with R.T. Curtis's Miracle Octad Generator (MOG). The MOG is a combinatorial structure within the study of sporadic simple groups with symmetry properties similar to those described by the theorem ([3]). Applications Graphic Design: The theorem informs artistic compositions employing diamond and chevron-like shapes. Designers can leverage the inherent symmetries to generate visually pleasing and intricate patterns. Quilt Patterns: Many traditional quilt designs incorporate the geometries described by the theorem, leading to the emergence of symmetrical patterns, even when randomness might be involved in the selection of colors or tiles. Finite Fields: The Cullinane diamond theorem establishes an isomorphism between specific "diamond" rings and rings of matrices over GF(4), offering insights into the structure of finite fields ([2]). Conclusion The Cullinane diamond theorem elegantly connects abstract mathematics with the world of graphic design. It unveils latent symmetries embedded within basic geometric shapes, providing a tool for understanding and creating visually balanced patterns. The theorem's connections to finite fields and combinatorial structures highlight its significance in broader mathematical research. Citations [1] Weisstein, E. W. “Finite Projective Geometry.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource. [invalid URL removed] [2] Cullinane, S. H. "Cullinane Diamond Theorem." Encyclopedia of Mathematics. https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Cullinane_diamond_theorem [3] Curtis, R. T. (1976). A New Combinatorial Approach to Mâ‚‚â‚„. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 79(1), 25–42. doi:10.1017/S0305004100052075 Let me know if you'd like me to expand on any particular aspect or provide additional citations!
1. www.hellenicaworld.com/Science/Mathematics/en/MathieuGroup.html
|
Comments Off on Report on the Diamond Theorem
by Google Gemini (Advanced)
by Google Gemini (Advanced)
Sunday, March 3, 2024
Deep Blue Research: A Report by You.com AI
|
Cullinane Diamond Theorem Research Report by https://you.com/?chatMode=research on March 3, 2024 Overview of the Cullinane Diamond Theorem The Cullinane Diamond Theorem is a mathematical concept developed by Steven H. Cullinane that explores the symmetrical properties of certain geometric patterns. It is particularly concerned with the structure of finite projective geometry as it relates to the 35 square patterns found in R. T. Curtis's Miracle Octad Generator (MOG). The theorem asserts that every G-image of a diamond figure D possesses some form of ordinary or color-interchange symmetry. Symmetry and Group Theory The theorem is deeply rooted in group theory, with G being isomorphic to the affine group A on the linear 4-space over the finite field GF(2). This group has a significant order of 322,560 and underlies the symmetry of both the diamond-theorem figures and the square patterns of the MOG . The 35 structures of the 840 G-images of D are isomorphic to the 35 lines in the 3-dimensional projective space over GF(2), which explains the symmetry of the line diagrams and the two-color patterns. The Diamond Theorem in Various Dimensions The diamond theorem can be applied to different cases, such as the 4×4, 2×2, and even 3-dimensional cubes like the 2x2x2 and 4x4x4 cubes. The generalized statement of the theorem involves inscribing a white diamond in a black square and dividing it into four quadrants, each with a diagonal split into black and white halves. Algebraic Implications The theorem has algebraic implications, such as the ability to express every 4-coloring as a sum of three 2-colorings. This algebraic formulation is useful for demonstrating that certain four-colored graphic images can form a ring under multiplication. There is also an infinite family of such 'diamond' rings, isomorphic to rings of matrices over GF(4). Philosophical and Cultural Context Steven H. Cullinane has also explored the philosophical implications of the diamond theorem, referring to it in the context of Plato's Meno dialogue and opposing it to the 'Story Theory of truth' as discussed by Richard J. Trudeau. The theorem is seen as a correct statement of the relation between geometry and the physical universe. Clarification on Cullinan Diamonds It is important to note that the Cullinane Diamond Theorem is unrelated to the Cullinan diamond, which is a famous large gemstone discovered in South Africa and now part of the British Crown Jewels. The Cullinan diamond has its own historical and cultural significance, with its various cut shapes and ownership history. In summary, the Cullinane Diamond Theorem is a mathematical concept that reveals the symmetrical properties of certain geometric patterns, with applications in group theory and algebra. It also has philosophical implications, drawing connections to classical ideas about truth and geometry. |
Instagram ad for You.com AI in research mode
"Show me ALL your sources, babe."
— Line adapted from Leonardo DiCaprio
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Sunday, February 4, 2024
Microsoft Copilot Doggerel
A poem written yesterday by Microsoft Copilot —
The prompt: "Write a poem … about the Cullinane diamond theorem."
|
In the mind of the mathematician,
Four-diamond figure, a 4×4 array,
Every G-image of the four-diamond figure,
The symmetry of the line diagrams,
And this symmetry must be shared by the entire pattern,
The 35 structures of the 840 = 35 x 24 G-images,
So here lies the beauty of the Cullinane diamond theorem, |
Actually, the complete prompt, suggested by a Log24 post of
12:12 PM ET yesterday, was . . .
"Write a poem in the style of Wallace Stevens
about the Cullinane diamond theorem."
Copilot still has a thing or two to learn about poetic style.
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Tuesday, January 30, 2024
Monday, January 15, 2024
Foursquare Variations
From Encyclopedia of Mathematics —
The above images from the history of mathematics might be
useful at some future point for illustrating academic hurly-burly.
Related reading . . .
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Friday, January 5, 2024
The Pentagram Papers
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Monday, December 18, 2023
AI Class
|
Bringing Up Bing : A Tutorial for Bing on Monday, December 18, 2023 Prompt: How is the Cullinane Diamond Theorem related to the Curtis Miracle Octad Generator?
Response: Searching for: Generating answers for you… The Cullinane Diamond Theorem and the Curtis Miracle Octad Generator (MOG) are both mathematical concepts that are deeply intertwined with finite projective geometry1,2. The Cullinane Diamond Theorem explains the surprising symmetry properties of some simple graphic designs and underlies the structure of the 35 square patterns in R. T. Curtis’s MOG1,2. The theorem uses a 4×4 array of two-color diagonally-divided square tiles, and considers the group of permutations of these 16 tiles generated by mixing random permutations of rows, columns, and the four 2×2 quadrants1,2. The theorem states that every image of the 4×4 array has some ordinary or color-interchange symmetry1,2. The 35 structures of the 840 images of the 4×4 array are isomorphic to the 35 lines in the 3-dimensional projective space over GF(2), a finite field with two elements1,2. This can be seen by viewing the 35 structures as three-sets of line diagrams, based on the three partitions of the four-set of square two-color tiles into two two-sets1,2. The MOG is a 4×6 array of combinations describing any point in 24-dimensional space1. It preserves all of the symmetries and maximal subgroups of the Mathieu group M241. The MOG is used in the construction of the Steiner system S(5,8,24), and hence is also related to the Leech lattice2. In summary, the Cullinane Diamond Theorem provides a geometric explanation for the structure and symmetries of the patterns in the MOG1,2. Both theorems are connected through their use of finite projective geometry and their applications to the study of symmetry1,2. Learn more Reply to Bing's Response — Actually, the Cullinane diamond theorem, by itself, does NOT explain the patterns in the MOG. The MOG is a natural correspondence, or pairing, of the 35 diamond-theorem structures with the 35 partitions of an eight-element set into two four-element sets. That correspondence is explained in a 1910 paper by G. M. Conwell, "The 3-Space PG(3,2) and Its Group." The Conwell correspondence was later found to be invariant under the action of the large Mathieu group on a set of 24=16+8 elements. Response to the Above Reply — Generating answers for you… Thank you for the clarification. You’re correct that the Cullinane Diamond Theorem, by itself, does not explain the patterns in the Miracle Octad Generator (MOG). The MOG is indeed a natural correspondence of the 35 structures from the Diamond Theorem with the 35 partitions of an eight-element set into two four-element sets. This correspondence was explained by G. M. Conwell in his 1910 paper “The 3-Space PG(3,2) and Its Group.” The Conwell correspondence was later found to be invariant under the action of the large Mathieu group on a set of 24 elements, which can be partitioned into a set of 16 and a set of 8. I appreciate your input and the opportunity to learn from it. If you have any more questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask!
|
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Sunday, December 17, 2023
Speak, Memory
"Unsocratic Dialogue" with Google DeepMind's Gemini AI continues . . .
|
Do you remember a previous conversation about the question "What is the Cullinane diamond theorem?" If so, how would you answer the question now?
|
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Saturday, October 21, 2023
Monday, October 16, 2023
A Harlan Kane Rite Aid Special: Chapter 11
From a search in this journal for "Chapter 11" —
Inner structure —
The above three images share the same
vector-space structure —
| 0 | c | d | c + d |
| a | a + c | a + d | a + c + d |
| b | b + c | b + d | b + c + d |
|
a + b |
a + b + c |
a + b + d |
a + b + |
(This vector-space a b c d diagram is from
Chapter 11 of Sphere Packings, Lattices
and Groups , by John Horton Conway and
N. J. A. Sloane, first published by Springer
in 1988.)
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Tuesday, October 3, 2023
The Pinky Prize
Detail from a post of October 2 —
Color scheme at Replit perhaps influenced by the recent film "Barbie" —
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Monday, October 2, 2023
Design Cube at Replit
The Replit code development environment featured
in today's previous post has hosted, for some time now,
an embodiment of the design cube from earlier posts —
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Monday, September 25, 2023
Cool Kids’ Vocabulary: Anthropic
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anthropic —
"Questions abound about how the various proposals intersect with
anthropic reasoning and the infamous multiverse idea."
— Natalie Wolchover, WIRED, 16 June 2019
A more recent, and notable, use of "anthropic" :
https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/25/
amazon-to-invest-up-to-4-billion-in-ai-startup-anthropic/ —
"As part of the investment agreement, Anthropic will use
Amazon’s cloud giant AWS as a primary cloud provider for
mission-critical workloads . . . ."
The cloud giant appeared here recently :
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Thursday, September 14, 2023
Sunday, June 4, 2023
The Galois Core
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Saturday, May 13, 2023
Multicultural Memorial: Death and Venice
Variety.com May 8, 2023, 1:45 AM PT —
“Pema Tseden, a famous Tibetan director, screenwriter and
professor at the Film School of the China Academy of Art,
died in Tibet in the early hours of May 8 due to an acute illness."
"The news was reported by the China Academy of Art."
The time in Lhasa, Tibet, is 12 hours ahead of New York time.
From this journal in the afternoon of May 7 (New York time) —
For a relationship between the above image and classic Chinese culture,
see Geometry of the I Ching.
A memorial image from Variety —
Tseden with the award for best screenplay at Venice on Sept. 8, 2018.
See also that date in this journal . . . Posts now tagged Space Structure.
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Sunday, May 7, 2023
Windows Programming: The Postman
From "The Postman," the most recent "Blacklist" episode —
Related material —
A Bosch Xmas
Cicely Tyson as the future Mrs. Davis … Mrs. Miles Davis —
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Sunday, April 30, 2023
For Harlan Kane: The Walpurgisnacht Hallucination
Note that if the "compact Riemann surface" is a torus formed by
joining opposite edges of a 4×4 square array, and the phrase
"vector bundle" is replaced by "projective line," and so forth,
the above ChatGPT hallucination is not completely unrelated to
the following illustration from the webpage "galois.space" —
See as well the Cullinane diamond theorem.
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Friday, February 10, 2023
Introduction to Gutter Mathematics
From the Feb. 7 post "The Graduate School of Design" —
Related material —
Illustrations — From The previous post . . .
From Google —
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Interstices and Symmetry
Call a 4×4 array labeled with 4 copies each
of 4 different symbols a foursquare.
The symmetries of foursquares are governed
by the symmetries of their 24 interstices —
(Cullinane, Diamond Theory, 1976.)
From Log24 posts tagged Mathieu Cube —
A similar exercise might involve the above 24 interstices of a 4×4 array.
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Monday, February 6, 2023
Interality Studies
|
You, Xi-lin; Zhang, Peter. "Interality in Heidegger."
The term "interology" is meant as an interventional alternative to traditional Western ontology. The idea is to help shift people's attention and preoccupation from subjects, objects, and entities to the interzones, intervals, voids, constitutive grounds, relational fields, interpellative assemblages, rhizomes, and nothingness that lie between, outside, or beyond the so-called subjects, objects, and entities; from being to nothing, interbeing, and becoming; from self-identicalness to relationality, chance encounters, and new possibilities of life; from "to be" to "and … and … and …" (to borrow Deleuze's language); from the actual to the virtual; and so on. As such, the term wills nothing short of a paradigm shift. Unlike other "logoi," which have their "objects of study," interology studies interality, which is a non-object, a no-thing that in-forms and constitutes the objects and things studied by other logoi. |
Some remarks from this journal on April 1, 2015 —
Manifest O
|
| 83-06-21 | An invariance of symmetry The diamond theorem on a 4x4x4 cube, and a sketch of the proof. |
| 83-10-01 | Portrait of O A table of the octahedral group O using the 24 patterns from the 2×2 case of the diamond theorem. |
| 83-10-16 | Study of O A different way of looking at the octahedral group, using cubes that illustrate the 2x2x2 case of the diamond theorem. |
| 84-09-15 | Diamonds and whirls Block designs of a different sort — graphic figures on cubes. See also the University of Exeter page on the octahedral group O. |
The above site, finitegeometry.org/sc, illustrates how the symmetry
of various visual patterns is explained by what Zhang calls "interality."
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Monday, October 31, 2022
Folklore vs. Mathematics
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Wednesday, September 14, 2022
Starr 80: A Barbie for Ken
Related comedy lines:
01:13:08.25,01:13:12.35
(STRING QUARTET PLAYING
SLOW, LUSH MELODY)
01:13:22.59,01:13:26.23
"They’re fucking sixteenths,
Steve, stop milking them."
01:13:26.36,01:13:29.78
"Folks, disagree,
but do it nicely, and please…
01:13:30.47,01:13:33.38
…try not to get caught up in mistakes."
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Saturday, September 3, 2022
1984 Revisited
Note the three quadruplets of parallel edges in the 1984 figure above.
The above Gates article appeared earlier, in the June 2010 issue of
Physics World , with bigger illustrations. For instance —
Exercise: Describe, without seeing the rest of the article,
the rule used for connecting the balls above.
Wikipedia offers a much clearer picture of a (non-adinkra) tesseract —
And then, more simply, there is the Galois tesseract —
For parts of my own world in June 2010, see this journal for that month.
The above Galois tesseract appears there as follows:
See also the Klein correspondence in a paper from 1968
in yesterday's 2:54 PM ET post.
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Friday, September 2, 2022
History of Mathematics
Anne Duncan in 1968 on a 1960 paper by Robert Steinberg —
_______________________________________________________________________________
Related remarks in this journal — Steinberg + Chevalley.
Related illustrations in this journal — 4×4.
Related biographical remarks — Steinberg Deathdate.
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Tuesday, August 30, 2022
Sunday, June 26, 2022
Friday, May 6, 2022
Interality and the Bead Game
WIkipedia on the URL suffix ".io" —
"In computer science, "IO" or "I/O" is commonly used
as an abbreviation for input/output, which makes the
.io domain desirable for services that want to be
associated with technology. .io domains are often used
for open source projects, application programming
interfaces ("APIs"), startup companies, browser games,
and other online services."
An association with the Bead Game from a post of April 7, 2018 —
|
Glasperlenspiel passage quoted here in Summa Mythologica —
“"I suddenly realized that in the language, or at any rate A less poetic meditation on the above 4x4x4 design cube —
"I saw that in the alternation between front and back, See also a related remark by Lévi-Strauss in 1955:
"…three different readings become possible: |
The recent use by a startup company of the URL "interality.io" suggests
a fourth reading for the 1955 list of Lévi-Strauss — in and out —
i.e., inner and outer group automorphisms — from a 2011 post
on the birthday of T. S. Eliot :
A transformation:
Click on the picture for details.
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Thursday, April 14, 2022
Ouellette vs. the Cube
From the 2019 post Spring Loaded —
A more recent image, from Carroll's wife Jennifer Ouellette —
For a more sophisticated approach to the 4x4x4 cube,
see a page at finitegeometry.org.
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Wednesday, April 13, 2022
Dealing with Cubism continues . . .
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Thursday, April 7, 2022
Saturday, March 26, 2022
Box Geometry: Space, Group, Art (Work in Progress)
| Name Tag | .Space | .Group | .Art |
|---|---|---|---|
| Box4 |
2×2 square representing the four-point finite affine geometry AG(2,2). (Box4.space) |
S4 = AGL(2,2) (Box4.group) |
(Box4.art) |
| Box6 |
3×2 (3-row, 2-column) rectangular array representing the elements of an arbitrary 6-set. |
S6 | |
| Box8 | 2x2x2 cube or 4×2 (4-row, 2-column) array. | S8 or A8 or AGL(3,2) of order 1344, or GL(3,2) of order 168 | |
| Box9 | The 3×3 square. | AGL(2,3) or GL(2,3) | |
| Box12 | The 12 edges of a cube, or a 4×3 array for picturing the actions of the Mathieu group M12. | Symmetries of the cube or elements of the group M12 | |
| Box13 | The 13 symmetry axes of the cube. | Symmetries of the cube. | |
| Box15 |
The 15 points of PG(3,2), the projective geometry of 3 dimensions over the 2-element Galois field. |
Collineations of PG(3,2) | |
| Box16 |
The 16 points of AG(4,2), the affine geometry of 4 dimensions over the 2-element Galois field. |
AGL(4,2), the affine group of |
|
| Box20 | The configuration representing Desargues's theorem. | ||
| Box21 | The 21 points and 21 lines of PG(2,4). | ||
| Box24 | The 24 points of the Steiner system S(5, 8, 24). | ||
| Box25 | A 5×5 array representing PG(2,5). | ||
| Box27 |
The 3-dimensional Galois affine space over the 3-element Galois field GF(3). |
||
| Box28 | The 28 bitangents of a plane quartic curve. | ||
| Box32 |
Pair of 4×4 arrays representing orthogonal Latin squares. |
Used to represent elements of AGL(4,2) |
|
| Box35 |
A 5-row-by-7-column array representing the 35 lines in the finite projective space PG(3,2) |
PGL(3,2), order 20,160 | |
| Box36 | Eurler's 36-officer problem. | ||
| Box45 | The 45 Pascal points of the Pascal configuration. | ||
| Box48 | The 48 elements of the group AGL(2,3). | AGL(2,3). | |
| Box56 |
The 56 three-sets within an 8-set or |
||
| Box60 | The Klein configuration. | ||
| Box64 | Solomon's cube. |
— Steven H. Cullinane, March 26-27, 2022
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Friday, December 10, 2021
Unhinged Melody
The time of the previous post was 4:46 AM ET today.
Fourteen minutes later —
"I'm a groupie, really." — Murray Bartlett in today's online NY Times
The previous post discussed group actions on a 3×3 square array. A tune
about related group actions on a 4×4 square array (a Galois tesseract ) . . .
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Saturday, September 18, 2021
Avoiding “Details That Might Scare You” . . .
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Friday, June 11, 2021
Dark Materials
Items from the Dark Matter Research Unit office in
the recent HBO version of His Dark Materials —
Closeup of the I Ching book:
Closeup of parquet-style patterns in a 4x4x2 array —
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Friday, May 14, 2021
In Memory of Ernst Eduard Kummer
(29 January 1810 – 14 May 1893)
See as well some earlier references to diamond signs here .
The proper context for some diamond figures that I am interested in
is the 4×4 array that appears, notably, in Hudson's 1905 classic
Kummer's Quartic Surface . Hence this post's "Kummerhenge" tag,
suggested also by some monumental stonework at Tufte's site.
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Saturday, May 8, 2021
A Tale of Two Omegas
The Greek capital letter Omega, Ω, is customarily
used to denote a set that is acted upon by a group.
If the group is the affine group of 322,560
transformations of the four-dimensional
affine space over the two-element Galois field,
the appropriate Ω is the 4×4 grid above.
See the Cullinane diamond theorem .
If the group is the large Mathieu group of
244,823,040 permutations of 24 things,
the appropriate Ω is the 4×6 grid below.
See the Miracle Octad Generator of R. T. Curtis.
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Saturday, May 1, 2021
Wednesday, December 30, 2020
The Whiteboard Jungle
Detail:
A story in numbers:
 It is what it is.
See also the phrase “Beautiful Mathematics” in this journal.
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Thursday, December 24, 2020
Change Arises: A Literary Example
The “Change Arises” part of the title refers to the previous post.
The 1905 “geometric object” there, a 4×4 square, appeared earlier,
in 1869, in a paper by Camille Jordan. For that paper, and the
“literary example” of the title, see “Ici vient M. Jordan .”
This post was suggested by the appearance of Jordan in today’s
memorial post for Peter M. Neumann by Peter J. Cameron.
Related remarks on Jordan and “geometrical objects” from 2016 —
These reflections are available from their author as a postprint.
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Change Arises
See posts so tagged.
"Change arises from the structure of the object." — Arkani-Hamed
Related material from 1936 —
Related material from 1905, with the "object" a 4×4 array —
Related material from 1976, with the "object"
a 4×6 array — See Curtis.
Related material from 2018, with the "object"
a cuboctahedron — See Aitchison.
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Sunday, December 6, 2020
“Binary Coordinates”
The title phrase is ambiguous and should be avoided.
It is used indiscriminately to denote any system of coordinates
written with 0 ‘s and 1 ‘s, whether these two symbols refer to
the Boolean-algebra truth values false and true , to the absence
or presence of elements in a subset , to the elements of the smallest
Galois field, GF(2) , or to the digits of a binary number .
Related material from the Web —
Some related remarks from “Geometry of the 4×4 Square:
Notes by Steven H. Cullinane” (webpage created March 18, 2004) —
A related anonymous change to Wikipedia today —
The deprecated “binary coordinates” phrase occurs in both
old and new versions of the “Square representation” section
on PG(3,2), but at least the misleading remark about Steiner
quadruple systems has been removed.
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Thursday, December 3, 2020
Brick Joke
The "bricks" in posts tagged Octad Group suggest some remarks
from last year's HBO "Watchmen" series —
Related material — The two bricks constituting a 4×4 array, and . . .
"(this is the famous Kummer abstract configuration )"
— Igor Dolgachev, ArXiv, 16 October 2019.
As is this —
.
The phrase "octad group" does not, as one might reasonably
suppose, refer to symmetries of an octad (a "brick"), but
instead to symmetries of the above 4×4 array.
A related Broomsday event for the Church of Synchronology —
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Monday, November 23, 2020
In the Garden of Adding
“In the garden of Adding,
Live Even and Odd….”
— The Midrash Jazz Quartet in
       City of God , by E. L. Doctorow
Related material — Schoolgirls and Six-Set Geometry.
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Sunday, October 18, 2020
Unfolded
See “Unfolded.jpg” in this journal. From that search —
  Â
Compare and contrast these figures with images by Wittgenstein in . . .
Related material from last night’s post Modernist Cuts —
Schlick also appears in recent posts tagged Moriarty Variations.
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Monday, August 24, 2020
The Mark of Zaentz
Jung's phrase "'four-square' Heavenly City" in the previous post
suggests a geometric object… the 4×4 square —
The "twelve gates" at the sides of the above figure suggest a song —
The Baez date above suggests in turn a review of
the Jan. 4, 2014, post "Heaven's Gate,"
on the death of film producer Saul Zaentz.
Related material —
The "Heavenly City" is perhaps not Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Recall as well Jean Simmons preaching the Foursquare Gospel
in the 1960 film classic "Elmer Gantry" —
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Thursday, August 20, 2020
Also* from the Early 80’s
See Corinne Wahl in an adaptation of Schnitzler’s La Ronde.
Compare and contrast the 4×4 square of the Wahl presentation
with that of the July 26 post Dirty Dancing Disco.
* A reference to the previous post.
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Friday, June 12, 2020
Bullshit Studies: “Hyperseeing”
In memoriam —
Friedman co-edited the ISAMA journal  Hyperseeing . See also . . .
See too the other articles in Volume 40 of Kybernetes .
Related material —
Compare and contrast the discussion of the geometry
of the 4×4 square in the diamond theorem (1976) with
Nat Friedman’s treatment of the same topic in 2001 —
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Thursday, May 28, 2020
Finite Geometry at GitHub
My website on finite geometry is now available
on GitHub at http://m759.github.io/ . The part
of greatest interest to coders is also at
https://repl.it/@m759/View-4x4x4#index.html .
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Monday, February 24, 2020
Hidden Figure
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Wednesday, February 19, 2020
Aitchison’s Octads
The 759 octads of the Steiner system S(5,8,24) are displayed
rather neatly in the Miracle Octad Generator of R. T. Curtis.
A March 9, 2018, construction by Iain Aitchison* pictures the
759 octads on the faces of a cube , with octad elements the
24 edges of a cuboctahedron :
The Curtis octads are related to symmetries of the square.
See my webpage "Geometry of the 4×4 square" from March 2004.
Aitchison's p. 42 slide includes an illustration from that page —
Aitchison's octads are instead related to symmetries of the cube.
Note that essentially the same model as Aitchison's can be pictured
by using, instead of the 24 edges of a cuboctahedron, the 24 outer
faces of subcubes in the eightfold cube .
​
Image from Christmas Day 2005.
* http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/branched/files/2018/
presentations/Aitchison-Hiroshima-2-2018.pdf.
See also Aitchison in this journal.
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Monday, February 10, 2020
Notes for Doctor Sleep
Or: Plato's Cave.
See also this journal on November 9, 2003 …
A post on Wittgenstein's "counting pattern" —
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Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Very Stable Kool-Aid
Two of the thumbnail previews
from yesterday's 1 AM post …
Further down in the "6 Prescott St." post, the link 5 Divinity Avenue
leads to …
|
A Letter from Timothy Leary, Ph.D., July 17, 1961
Harvard University July 17, 1961
Dr. Thomas S. Szasz Dear Dr. Szasz: Your book arrived several days ago. I've spent eight hours on it and realize the task (and joy) of reading it has just begun. The Myth of Mental Illness is the most important book in the history of psychiatry. I know it is rash and premature to make this earlier judgment. I reserve the right later to revise and perhaps suggest it is the most important book published in the twentieth century. It is great in so many ways–scholarship, clinical insight, political savvy, common sense, historical sweep, human concern– and most of all for its compassionate, shattering honesty. . . . . |
The small Morton Prince House in the above letter might, according to
the above-quoted remarks by Corinna S. Rohse, be called a "jewel box."
Harvard moved it in 1978 from Divinity Avenue to its current location at
6 Prescott Street.
Related "jewel box" material for those who
prefer narrative to mathematics —
"In The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test , Tom Wolfe writes about encountering
'a young psychologist,' 'Clifton Fadiman’s nephew, it turned out,' in the
waiting room of the San Mateo County jail. Fadiman and his wife were
'happily stuffing three I-Ching coins into some interminable dense volume*
of Oriental mysticism' that they planned to give Ken Kesey, the Prankster-
in-Chief whom the FBI had just nabbed after eight months on the lam.
Wolfe had been granted an interview with Kesey, and they wanted him to
tell their friend about the hidden coins. During this difficult time, they
explained, Kesey needed oracular advice."
— Tim Doody in The Morning News web 'zine on July 26, 2012**
Oracular advice related to yesterday evening's
"jewel box" post …
A 4-dimensional hypercube H (a tesseract ) has 24 square
2-dimensional faces. In its incarnation as a Galois tesseract
(a 4×4 square array of points for which the appropriate transformations
are those of the affine 4-space over the finite (i.e., Galois) two-element
field GF(2)), the 24 faces transform into 140 4-point "facets." The Galois
version of H has a group of 322,560 automorphisms. Therefore, by the
orbit-stabilizer theorem, each of the 140 facets of the Galois version has
a stabilizer group of 2,304 affine transformations.
Similar remarks apply to the I Ching In its incarnation as
a Galois hexaract , for which the symmetry group — the group of
affine transformations of the 6-dimensional affine space over GF(2) —
has not 322,560 elements, but rather 1,290,157,424,640.
* The volume Wolfe mentions was, according to Fadiman, the I Ching.
** See also this journal on that date — July 26, 2012.
Comments Off on Very Stable Kool-Aid
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Logic in the Spielfeld
"A great many other properties of E-operators
have been found, which I have not space
to examine in detail."
— Sir Arthur Eddington, New Pathways in Science ,
Cambridge University Press, 1935, page 271.
The following 4×4 space, from a post of Aug. 30, 2015,
may help:
The next time she visits an observatory, Emma Stone
may like to do a little dance to …
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Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Kummer at Noon
The Hudson array mentioned above is as follows —
See also Whitehead and the
Relativity Problem (Sept. 22).
For coordinatization of a 4×4
array, see a note from 1986
in the Feb. 26 post Citation.
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Saturday, September 14, 2019
Landscape Art
From "Six Significant Landscapes," by Wallace Stevens (1916) —
VI
Rationalists, wearing square hats,
Think, in square rooms,
Looking at the floor,
Looking at the ceiling.
They confine themselves
To right-angled triangles.
If they tried rhomboids,
Cones, waving lines, ellipses —
As, for example, the ellipse of the half-moon —
Rationalists would wear sombreros.
But see "cones, waving lines, ellipses" in Kummer's Quartic Surface
(by R. W. H. T. Hudson, Cambridge University Press, 1905) and their
intimate connection with the geometry of the 4×4 square.
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Sunday, September 8, 2019
A Harvard*-Resistant Book Search
(The above title was suggested by today's "Child-Resistant 4×4.")
* Specifically, resistant to the above revelation attributed to Barbara Johnson
by Harvard University Press —
"Deconstruction calls attention to gaps and reveals
that their claims upon us are fraudulent."
A related search at Amazon.com:
Barbara Johnson explains Lacan:
" The 'gap' in the real is the leap
from the empirical to
the signifying articulation
of the object of desire;
it cannot be perceived empirically.
It is 'nothing.' "
— Persons and Things , paperback (2010),
Harvard University Press, page 213
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Saturday, September 7, 2019
Fashion Calendar
"New York Fashion Week is scheduled Friday, September 6 through
Wednesday, September 11. View the preliminary schedule here. …
UPDATED AS OF: Thu 08/29/19"
— https://cfda.com/fashion-calendar/official-nyfw-schedule
View also a fashion photo from this journal on 08/29/19 —
I do not know where the above tank top can be purchased.
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Thursday, August 29, 2019
As Well
For some backstory, see
http://m759.net/wordpress/?s=”I+Ching”+48+well .
See as well “elegantly packaged” in this journal.
“Well” in written Chinese is the hashtag symbol,
i.e., the framework of a 3×3 array.
My own favorite 3×3 array is the ABC subsquare
at lower right in the figure below —
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For Carol Danvers* (Battle Angel )**
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Saturday, July 6, 2019
Mythos and Logos
Mythos
Logos
The six square patterns which, applied as above to the faces of a cube,
form "diamond" and "whirl" patterns, appear also in the logo of a coal-
mining company —
.
Related material —
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Monday, June 3, 2019
Jar Story
 “. . . Only by the form, the pattern,
Can words or music reach
The stillness, as a Chinese jar still
Moves perpetually in its stillness.”
— T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets
From Writing Chinese Characters:
“It is practical to think of a character centered
within an imaginary square grid . . . .
The grid can… be… subdivided, usually to
9 or 16 squares. . . .“
These “Chinese jars” (as opposed to their contents)
are as follows:
.
See as well Eliot’s 1922 remarks on “extinction of personality”
and the phrase “ego-extinction” in Weyl’s Philosophy of Mathematics —
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Saturday, May 4, 2019
The Chinese Jars of Shing-Tung Yau
The title refers to Calabi-Yau spaces.
Four Quartets
. . . Only by the form, the pattern,
Can words or music reach
The stillness, as a Chinese jar still
Moves perpetually in its stillness.
A less "cosmic" but still noteworthy code — The Golay code.
This resides in a 12-dimensional space over GF(2).
Related material from Plato and R. T. Curtis —
A related Calabi-Yau "Chinese jar" first described in detail in 1905 —
A figure that may or may not be related to the 4x4x4 cube that
holds the classical Chinese "cosmic code" — the I Ching —
ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/hanson/forSha/AK3/old/K3-pix.pdf
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Monday, March 11, 2019
Ant-Man Meets Doctor Strange
The 4×4 square may also be called the Galois Tesseract .
By analogy, the 4x4x4 cube may be called the Galois Hexeract .
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Thursday, February 28, 2019
Wikipedia Scholarship
Besides omitting the name Cullinane, the anonymous Wikipedia author
also omitted the step of representing the hypercube by a 4×4 array —
an array called in this journal a Galois tesseract.
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Tuesday, February 26, 2019
Citation
Some related material in this journal — See a search for k6.gif.
Some related material from Harvard —
Elkies's "15 simple transpositions" clearly correspond to the 15 edges of
the complete graph K6 and to the 15 2-subsets of a 6-set.
For the connection to PG(3,2), see Finite Geometry of the Square and Cube.
The following "manifestation" of the 2-subsets of a 6-set might serve as
the desired Wikipedia citation —
See also the above 1986 construction of PG(3,2) from a 6-set
in the work of other authors in 1994 and 2002 . . .
-
Gonzalez-Dorrego, Maria R. (Maria del Rosario),
(16,6) Configurations and Geometry of Kummer Surfaces in P3.
American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1994. -
Dolgachev, Igor, and Keum, JongHae,
"Birational Automorphisms of Quartic Hessian Surfaces."
Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 354 (2002), 3031-3057.
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Wednesday, December 12, 2018
An Inscape for Douthat
Some images, and a definition, suggested by my remarks here last night
on Apollo and Ross Douthat's remarks today on "The Return of Paganism" —
In finite geometry and combinatorics,
an inscape is a 4×4 array of square figures,
each figure picturing a subset of the overall 4×4 array:
Related material — the phrase
"Quantum Tesseract Theorem" and …
A. An image from the recent
film "A Wrinkle in Time" —
B. A quote from the 1962 book —
"There's something phoney
in the whole setup, Meg thought.
There is definitely something rotten
in the state of Camazotz."
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Thursday, November 22, 2018
Rosenhain and Göpel Meet Kummer in Projective 3-Space
For further details, see finitegeometry.org/sc/35/hudson.html.
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Geometric Incarnation
"The hint half guessed, the gift half understood, is Incarnation."
— T. S. Eliot in Four Quartets
Note also the four 4×4 arrays surrounding the central diamond
in the chi of the chi-rho page of the Book of Kells —
From a Log24 post
of March 17, 2012
"Interlocking, interlacing, interweaving"
— Condensed version of page 141 in Eddington's
1939 Philosophy of Physical Science
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Thursday, November 8, 2018
Geometry Lesson
From "The Trials of Device" (April 24, 2017) —
See also Wittgenstein in a search for "Ein Kampf " in this journal.
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Monday, July 16, 2018
Greatly Exaggerated Report
"The novel has a parallel narrative that eventually
converges with the main story."
— Wikipedia on a book by Foer's novelist brother
Public Squares
An image from the online New York Times
on the date, July 6,
of the above Atlantic article —
An image from "Blackboard Jungle," 1955 —
"Through the unknown, remembered gate . . . ."
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Saturday, July 14, 2018
Expanding the Spiel
The walkerart.org passage above is from Feb. 17, 2011.
See also this journal on Feb. 17, 2011 —
"… Only by the form, the pattern,
Can words or music reach
The stillness…."
— T. S. Eliot,
Four Quartets
For further details, see Time Fold.
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Thursday, July 12, 2018
Kummerhenge Illustrated
“… the utterly real thing in writing is the only thing that counts…."
— Maxwell Perkins to Ernest Hemingway, Aug. 30, 1935
"Omega is as real as we need it to be."
— Burt Lancaster in "The Osterman Weekend"
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Thursday, July 5, 2018
Paz:
Some context for what Heidegger called
das Spiegel-Spiel des Gevierts
From Helen Lane's translation of El Mono Gramático ,
a book by Nobel winner Octavio Paz first published
in Barcelona by Seix Barral in 1974 —
|
Simultaneous perspective does not look upon language as a path because it is not the search for meaning that orients it. Poetry does not attempt to discover what there is at the end of the road; it conceives of the text as a series of transparent strata within which the various parts—the different verbal and semantic currents—produce momentary configurations as they intertwine or break apart, as they reflect each other or efface each other. Poetry contemplates itself, fuses with itself, and obliterates itself in the crystallizations of language. Apparitions, metamorphoses, volatilizations, precipitations of presences. These configurations are crystallized time: although they are perpetually in motion, they always point to the same hour—the hour of change. Each one of them contains all the others, each one is inside the others: change is only the oft-repeated and ever-different metaphor of identity.
— Paz, Octavio. The Monkey Grammarian |
A related 1960 meditation from Claude Lévi-Strauss taken from a
Log24 post of St. Andrew's Day 2017, "The Matrix for Quantum Mystics":
"In Vol. I of Structural Anthropology , p. 209, I have shown that
this analysis alone can account for the double aspect of time
representation in all mythical systems: the narrative is both
'in time' (it consists of a succession of events) and 'beyond'
(its value is permanent)." — Claude Lévi-Strauss
I prefer the earlier, better-known, remarks on time by T. S. Eliot
in Four Quartets , and the following four quartets
(from The Matrix Meets the Grid) —
.
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Monday, July 2, 2018
In Memoriam
This post is in memory of dancer-choreographer Gillian Lynne,
who reportedly died at 92 on Sunday, July 1, 2018.
For a scene from her younger days, click on Errol Flynn above.
The cube contemplated by Flynn is from Log24 on Sunday.
"This is how we enter heaven, enter dancing."
— Paraphrase of Lorrie Moore (See Oct. 18, 2003.)
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Saturday, June 23, 2018
Plan 9 from Inner Space
From Nanavira Thera, "Early Letters," in Seeking the Path —
"nine possibilities arising quite naturally" —
Compare and contrast with Hudson's parametrization of the
4×4 square by means of 0 and the 15 2-subsets of a 6-set —
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Monday, May 28, 2018
Skewers
A piece co-written by Ivanov, the author noted in the previous post, was cited
in my "Geometry of the 4×4 Square."
Also cited there — A paper by Pasini and Van Maldeghem that mentions
the Klein quadric.
Those sources suggested a search —
The link is to some geometry recently described by Tabachnikov
that seems rather elegant:
For another, more direct, connection to the geometry of the 4×4 square,
see Richard Evan Schwartz in this journal.
This same Schwartz appears also in the above Tabachnikov paper:
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Saturday, April 7, 2018
Sides
The FBI holding cube in "The Blacklist" —
" 'The Front' is not the whole story . . . ."
— Vincent Canby, New York Times film review, 1976,
as quoted in Wikipedia.
See also Solomon's Cube in this journal.
Some may view the above web page as illustrating the
Glasperlenspiel passage quoted here in Summa Mythologica —
“"I suddenly realized that in the language, or at any rate
in the spirit of the Glass Bead Game, everything actually
was all-meaningful, that every symbol and combination of
symbols led not hither and yon, not to single examples,
experiments, and proofs, but into the center, the mystery
and innermost heart of the world, into primal knowledge.
Every transition from major to minor in a sonata, every
transformation of a myth or a religious cult, every classical
or artistic formulation was, I realized in that flashing moment,
if seen with a truly meditative mind, nothing but a direct route
into the interior of the cosmic mystery, where in the alternation
between inhaling and exhaling, between heaven and earth,
between Yin and Yang, holiness is forever being created.”
A less poetic meditation on the above 4x4x4 design cube —
"I saw that in the alternation between front and back,
between top and bottom, between left and right,
symmetry is forever being created."
See also a related remark by Lévi-Strauss in 1955:
"…three different readings become possible:
left to right, top to bottom, front to back."
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Saturday, February 24, 2018
The Ugly Duck
"What of the night
That lights and dims the stars?
Do you know, Hans Christian,
Now that you see the night?"
— The concluding lines of
"Sonatina to Hans Christian,"
by Wallace Stevens
(in Harmonium (second edition, 1931))
From "Mathmagic Land" (May 22, 2015)
Donald in Mathmagic Land
From "The Trials of Device" (April 24, 2017)
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Saturday, February 17, 2018
The Binary Revolution
Michael Atiyah on the late Ron Shaw —
Phrases by Atiyah related to the importance in mathematics
of the two-element Galois field GF(2) —
- “The digital revolution based on the 2 symbols (0,1)”
- “The algebra of George Boole”
- “Binary codes”
- “Dirac’s spinors, with their up/down dichotomy”
These phrases are from the year-end review of Trinity College,
Cambridge, Trinity Annual Record 2017Â .
I prefer other, purely geometric, reasons for the importance of GF(2) —
- The 2×2 square
- The 2x2x2 cube
- The 4×4 square
- The 4x4x4 cube
See Finite Geometry of the Square and Cube.
See also today’s earlier post God’s Dice and Atiyah on the theology of
(Boolean) algebra vs. (Galois) geometry:
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Friday, February 16, 2018
Two Kinds of Symmetry
The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton in its Fall 2015 Letter
revived "Beautiful Mathematics" as a title:
This ugly phrase was earlier used by Truman State University
professor Martin Erickson as a book title. See below.
In the same IAS Fall 2015 Letter appear the following remarks
by Freeman Dyson —
". . . a special case of a much deeper connection that Ian Macdonald
discovered between two kinds of symmetry which we call modular and affine.
The two kinds of symmetry were originally found in separate parts of science,
modular in pure mathematics and affine in physics. Modular symmetry is
displayed for everyone to see in the drawings of flying angels and devils
by the artist Maurits Escher. Escher understood the mathematics and got the
details right. Affine symmetry is displayed in the peculiar groupings of particles
created by physicists with high-energy accelerators. The mathematician
Robert Langlands was the first to conjecture a connection between these and
other kinds of symmetry. . . ." (Wikipedia link added.)
The adjective "modular" might aptly be applied to . . .
The adjective "affine" might aptly be applied to . . .
The geometry of the 4×4 square combines modular symmetry
(i.e., related to theta functions) with the affine symmetry above.
Hudson's 1905 discussion of modular symmetry (that of Rosenhain
tetrads and Göpel tetrads) in the 4×4 square used a parametrization
of that square by the digit 0 and the fifteen 2-subsets of a 6-set, but
did not discuss the 4×4 square as an affine space.
For the connection of the 15 Kummer modular 2-subsets with the 16-
element affine space over the two-element Galois field GF(2), see my note
of May 26, 1986, "The 2-subsets of a 6-set are the points of a PG(3,2)" —
— and the affine structure in the 1979 AMS abstract
"Symmetry invariance in a diamond ring" —
For some historical background on the symmetry investigations by
Dyson and Macdonald, see Dyson's 1972 article "MIssed Opportunities."
For Macdonald's own use of the words "modular" and "affine," see
Macdonald, I. G., "Affine Lie algebras and modular forms,"
Séminaire N. Bourbaki , Vol. 23 (1980-1981), Talk no. 577, pp. 258-276.
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Thursday, December 21, 2017
Friday, December 1, 2017
The Architect and the Matrix
In memory of Yale art historian Vincent Scully, who reportedly
died at 97 last night at his home in Lynchburg, Va., some remarks
from the firm of architect John Outram and from Scully —
Update from the morning of December 2 —
The above 3×3 figure is of course not unrelated to
the 4×4 figure in The Matrix for Quantum Mystics:
.
See as well Tsimtsum in this journal.
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Thursday, November 30, 2017
The Matrix for Quantum Mystics
Scholia on the title — See Quantum + Mystic in this journal.
"In Vol. I of Structural Anthropology , p. 209, I have shown that
this analysis alone can account for the double aspect of time
representation in all mythical systems: the narrative is both
'in time' (it consists of a succession of events) and 'beyond'
(its value is permanent)." — Claude Lévi-Strauss, 1976
I prefer the earlier, better-known, remarks on time by T. S. Eliot
in Four Quartets , and the following four quartets (from
The Matrix Meets the Grid) —
.
From a Log24 post of June 26-27, 2017:
A work of Eddington cited in 1974 by von Franz —
See also Dirac and Geometry and Kummer in this journal.
Ron Shaw on Eddington's triads "associated in conjugate pairs" —
For more about hyperbolic and isotropic lines in PG(3,2),
see posts tagged Diamond Theorem Correlation.
For Shaw, in memoriam — See Contrapuntal Interweaving and The Fugue.
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Friday, November 24, 2017
The Matrix Meets the Grid
The Matrix —
The Grid —
Picturing the Witt Construction —
"Read something that means something." — New Yorker ad
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Tuesday, October 24, 2017
Visual Insight
The most recent post in the "Visual Insight" blog of the
American Mathematical Society was by John Baez on Jan. 1, 2017 —
A visually related concept — See Solomon's Cube in this journal.
Chronologically related — Posts now tagged New Year's Day 2017.
Solomon's cube is the 4x4x4 case of the diamond theorem —
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Saturday, October 14, 2017
In Principio:
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Tuesday, September 5, 2017
Florence 2001
Or: Coordinatization for Physicists
This post was suggested by the link on the word "coordinatized"
in the previous post.
I regret that Weyl's term "coordinatization" perhaps has
too many syllables for the readers of recreational mathematics —
for example, of an article on 4×4 magic squares by Conway, Norton,
and Ryba to be published today by Princeton University Press.
Insight into the deeper properties of such squares unfortunately
requires both the ability to learn what a "Galois field" is and the
ability to comprehend seven-syllable words.
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Sunday, September 3, 2017
Broomsday Revisited
Ivars Peterson in 2000 on a sort of conceptual art —
" Brill has tried out a variety of grid-scrambling transformations
to see what happens. Aesthetic sensibilities govern which
transformation to use, what size the rectangular grid should be,
and which iteration to look at, he says. 'Once a fruitful
transformation, rectangle size, and iteration number have been
found, the artist is in a position to create compelling imagery.' "
— "Scrambled Grids," August 28, 2000
Or not.
If aesthetic sensibilities lead to a 23-cycle on a 4×6 grid, the results
may not be pretty —
From "Geometry of the 4×4 Square."
See a Log24 post, Noncontinuous Groups, on Broomsday 2009.
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Saturday, September 2, 2017
A Touchstone
This post was suggested by the names* (if not the very abstruse
concepts ) in the Aug. 20, 2013, preprint "A Panoramic Overview
of Inter-universal Teichmuller Theory," by S. Mochizuki.
* Specifically, Jacobi and Kummer (along with theta functions).
I do not know of any direct connection between these names'
relevance to the writings of Mochizuki and their relevance
(via Hudson, 1905) to my own much more elementary studies of
the geometry of the 4×4 square.
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Thursday, August 31, 2017
A Conway-Norton-Ryba Theorem
In a book to be published Sept. 5 by Princeton University Press,
John Conway, Simon Norton, Â and Alex Ryba present the following
result on order-four magic squares —
A monograph published in 1976, “Diamond Theory,” deals with
more general 4×4 squares containing entries from the Galois fields
GF(2), GF(4), or GF(16).  These squares have remarkable, if not
“magic,” symmetry properties.  See excerpts in a 1977 article.
See also Magic Square and Diamond Theorem in this journal.
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Wednesday, July 26, 2017
Friday, July 14, 2017
March 26, 2006 (continued)
The above image, posted here on March 26, 2006, was
suggested by this morning's post "Black Art" and by another
item from that date in 2006 —
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Thursday, July 6, 2017
A Pleasing Situation
The 4x4x4 cube is the natural setting
for the finite version of the Klein quadric
and the eight "heptads" discussed by
Conwell in 1910.
As R. Shaw remarked in 1995,
"The situation is indeed quite pleasing."
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Wednesday, June 21, 2017
Concept and Realization
Remark on conceptual art quoted in the previous post —
"…he’s giving the concept but not the realization."
A concept — See a note from this date in 1983:
A realization —
Not the best possible realization, but enough for proof of concept .
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Tuesday, May 23, 2017
Saturday, May 20, 2017
van Lint and Wilson Meet the Galois Tesseract*
Click image to enlarge.
The above 35 projective lines, within a 4×4 array —
The above 15 projective planes, within a 4×4 array (in white) —
* See Galois Tesseract in this journal.
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Monday, May 15, 2017
Appropriation at MoMA
For example, Plato's diamond as an object to be transformed —
Versions of the transformed object —
See also The 4×4 Relativity Problem in this journal.
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Wednesday, April 26, 2017
A Tale Unfolded
A sketch, adapted tonight from Girl Scouts of Palo Alto —
From the April 14 noon post High Concept —
From the April 14 3 AM post Hudson and Finite Geometry —
From the April 24 evening post The Trials of Device —
  Â
Note that Hudson’s 1905 “unfolding” of even and odd puts even on top of
the square array, but my own 2013 unfolding above puts even at its left.
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Monday, April 24, 2017
The Trials of Device
"A blank underlies the trials of device"
— Wallace Stevens, "An Ordinary Evening in New Haven" (1950)
A possible meaning for the phrase "the trials of device" —
See also Log24 posts mentioning a particular device, the pentagram .
For instance —
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