See as well, in this journal, four colors.
Cullinane Diamond Theorem Research Report by https://you.com/?chatMode=research on March 3, 2024 Overview of the Cullinane Diamond Theorem The Cullinane Diamond Theorem is a mathematical concept developed by Steven H. Cullinane that explores the symmetrical properties of certain geometric patterns. It is particularly concerned with the structure of finite projective geometry as it relates to the 35 square patterns found in R. T. Curtis's Miracle Octad Generator (MOG). The theorem asserts that every G-image of a diamond figure D possesses some form of ordinary or color-interchange symmetry. Symmetry and Group Theory The theorem is deeply rooted in group theory, with G being isomorphic to the affine group A on the linear 4-space over the finite field GF(2). This group has a significant order of 322,560 and underlies the symmetry of both the diamond-theorem figures and the square patterns of the MOG . The 35 structures of the 840 G-images of D are isomorphic to the 35 lines in the 3-dimensional projective space over GF(2), which explains the symmetry of the line diagrams and the two-color patterns. The Diamond Theorem in Various Dimensions The diamond theorem can be applied to different cases, such as the 4×4, 2×2, and even 3-dimensional cubes like the 2x2x2 and 4x4x4 cubes. The generalized statement of the theorem involves inscribing a white diamond in a black square and dividing it into four quadrants, each with a diagonal split into black and white halves. Algebraic Implications The theorem has algebraic implications, such as the ability to express every 4-coloring as a sum of three 2-colorings. This algebraic formulation is useful for demonstrating that certain four-colored graphic images can form a ring under multiplication. There is also an infinite family of such 'diamond' rings, isomorphic to rings of matrices over GF(4). Philosophical and Cultural Context Steven H. Cullinane has also explored the philosophical implications of the diamond theorem, referring to it in the context of Plato's Meno dialogue and opposing it to the 'Story Theory of truth' as discussed by Richard J. Trudeau. The theorem is seen as a correct statement of the relation between geometry and the physical universe. Clarification on Cullinan Diamonds It is important to note that the Cullinane Diamond Theorem is unrelated to the Cullinan diamond, which is a famous large gemstone discovered in South Africa and now part of the British Crown Jewels. The Cullinan diamond has its own historical and cultural significance, with its various cut shapes and ownership history. In summary, the Cullinane Diamond Theorem is a mathematical concept that reveals the symmetrical properties of certain geometric patterns, with applications in group theory and algebra. It also has philosophical implications, drawing connections to classical ideas about truth and geometry. |
Instagram ad for You.com AI in research mode
"Show me ALL your sources, babe."
— Line adapted from Leonardo DiCaprio
The previous post's reference to colors suggests a review . . .
A test of OpenAI on the above DevDay date —
This ridiculous hallucination was obviously suggested by what
has been called "the enormous theorem" on the classification
of finite simple groups. That theorem was never known as the
(or "a") diamond theorem.
On the bright side, the four colors beside Microsoft's Nadella in the
photo above may, if you like, be regarded as those of my own
non-enormous "four-color decomposition theorem" that is used in
the proof of my own result called "the diamond theorem."
From Log24 posts tagged Boole vs. Galois —
Kauffman‘s fixation on the work of Spencer-Brown is perhaps in part
due to Kauffman’s familiarity with Boolean algebra and his ignorance of
Galois geometry. See other posts now tagged Boole vs. Galois.
See also “A Four-Color Epic” (April 16, 2020).
From "A Four-Color Theorem:
Function Decomposition Over a Finite Field" —
Related material —
An image from Monday's post
"Scholastic Observation" —
Kauffman‘s fixation on the work of Spencer-Brown is perhaps in part
due to Kauffman’s familiarity with Boolean algebra and his ignorance of
Galois geometry. See other posts now tagged Boole vs. Galois.
See also “A Four-Color Epic” (April 16, 2020).
Browsing related to the graphic design theory described in the previous post
yielded a four-color diamond illustrating design at Microsoft —
For some related mathematics see . . .
The Four-Color Diamond’s 2007 Source —
See also Log24 posts from August 2007 now tagged The Four-Color Ring.
“A love story of epic, epic, epic proportion” — Kristen Stewart
See also the following letter to Knuth on four-color enthusiast
Spencer-Brown, as well as Tim Robinson on the same subject
in his book My Time in Space .
The above image is from
"A Four-Color Theorem:
Function Decomposition Over a Finite Field,"
http://finitegeometry.org/sc/gen/mapsys.html.
These partitions of an 8-set into four 2-sets
occur also in Wednesday night's post
Miracle Octad Generator Structure.
This post was suggested by a Daily News
story from August 8, 2011, and by a Log24
post from that same date, "Organizing the
Mine Workers" —
See as well a webpage from 2000,
"Symmetry from Plato to the
Four-Color Conjecture."
"Husserl is not the greatest philosopher of all times. — Kurt Gödel as quoted by Gian-Carlo Rota Some results from a Google search — Eidetic reduction | philosophy | Britannica.com Eidetic reduction, in phenomenology, a method by which the philosopher moves from the consciousness of individual and concrete objects to the transempirical realm of pure essences and thus achieves an intuition of the eidos (Greek: “shape”) of a thing—i.e., of what it is in its invariable and essential structure, apart … Phenomenology Online » Eidetic Reduction
The eidetic reduction: eidos. Method: Bracket all incidental meaning and ask: what are some of the possible invariate aspects of this experience? The research Eidetic reduction – New World Encyclopedia Sep 19, 2017 – Eidetic reduction is a technique in Husserlian phenomenology, used to identify the essential components of the given phenomenon or experience. |
For example —
The reduction of two-colorings and four-colorings of a square or cubic
array of subsquares or subcubes to lines, sets of lines, cuts, or sets of
cuts between* the subsquares or subcubes.
See the diamond theorem and the eightfold cube.
* Cf. posts tagged Interality and Interstice.
News item from this afternoon —
The above phrase "mapping systems" suggests a review
of my own very different "map systems." From a search
for that phrase in this journal —
See also "A Four-Color Theorem: Function Decomposition
Over a Finite Field."
Pinterest boards uploaded to the new m759.net/piwigo —
Update of May 2 —
Update of May 3 —
Update of May 8 —
Art Space board created at Pinterest
The previous post discussed some art related to the
deceptively simple concept of "four colors."
For other related material, see posts that contain a link
to "…mapsys.html."
A passage linked to here on the afternoon of Dec. 6, 2015 —
From news.artnet.com, Dec. 16, 2014 — "Kosuth's early roots were in analytical philosophy, and his neons fiddle with that legacy: it's language that considers the nature of language as it describes the world—as it makes meaning and creates objects. So the earliest here, Five Fives (to Donald Judd) , from 1965, is five rows of five words, of the numbers one through to 25 which stack up like bricks in an unfinished wall. Like the nearby phrase "An Object Self-Defined" (Self-Defined Object [green], 1966), or the four colored words of Four Colours Four Words (1966) it's a test of the relationship of a thing to an idea to a word. These texts short-circuit the question of how visual art relates to how we speak about it, dating from a period when modern art had gotten stuck with a certain idea of what modern art should look like, and how it should be talked about." |
(A review)
For geeks* —
" Domain, Domain on the Range , "
where Domain = the Galois tesseract and
Range = the four-element Galois field.
This post was suggested by the previous post,
by a Log24 search for Knight + Move, and by
the phrase "discouraging words" found in that search.
* A term from the 1947 film "Nightmare Alley."
Structured gray matter:
Graphic symmetries of Galois space:
The reason for these graphic symmetries in affine Galois space —
symmetries of the underlying projective Galois space:
* For related remarks, see posts of May 26-28, 2012.
My webpage "The Order-4 Latin Squares" has a rival—
"Latin squares of order 4: Enumeration of the
24 different 4×4 Latin squares. Symmetry and
other features."
The author — Yp de Haan, a professor emeritus of
materials science at Delft University of Technology —
The main difference between de Haan's approach and my own
is my use of the four-color decomposition theorem, a result that
I discovered in 1976. This would, had de Haan known it, have
added depth to his "symmetry and other features" remarks.
( Continued from yesterday's post FLT )
Context Part I —
"In 1957, George Miller initiated a research programme at Harvard University to investigate rule-learning, in situations where participants are exposed to stimuli generated by rules, but are not told about those rules. The research program was designed to understand how, given exposure to some finite subset of stimuli, a participant could 'induce' a set of rules that would allow them to recognize novel members of the broader set. The stimuli in question could be meaningless strings of letters, spoken syllables or other sounds, or structured images. Conceived broadly, the project was a seminal first attempt to understand how observers, exposed to a set of stimuli, could come up with a set of principles, patterns, rules or hypotheses that generalized over their observations. Such abstract principles, patterns, rules or hypotheses then allow the observer to recognize not just the previously seen stimuli, but a wide range of other stimuli consistent with them. Miller termed this approach 'pattern conception ' (as opposed to 'pattern perception'), because the abstract patterns in question were too abstract to be 'truly perceptual.'….
…. the 'grammatical rules' in such a system are drawn from the discipline of formal language theory (FLT)…."
— W. Tecumseh Fitch, Angela D. Friederici, and Peter Hagoort, "Pattern Perception and Computational Complexity: Introduction to the Special Issue," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2012) 367, 1925-1932
Context Part II —
Context Part III —
A four-color theorem describes the mathematics of
general structures, not just symbol-strings, formed from
four kinds of things— for instance, from the four elements
of the finite Galois field GF(4), or the four bases of DNA.
Context Part IV —
A quotation from William P. Thurston, a mathematician
who died on Aug. 21, 2012—
"It may sound almost circular to say that
what mathematicians are accomplishing
is to advance human understanding of mathematics.
I will not try to resolve this
by discussing what mathematics is,
because it would take us far afield.
Mathematicians generally feel that they know
what mathematics is, but find it difficult
to give a good direct definition.
It is interesting to try. For me,
'the theory of formal patterns'
has come the closest, but to discuss this
would be a whole essay in itself."
Related material from a literate source—
"So we moved, and they, in a formal pattern"
Formal Patterns—
Not formal language theory but rather
finite projective geometry provides a graphic grammar
of abstract design—
See also, elsewhere in this journal,
Crimson Easter Egg and Formal Pattern.
(Continued from July 19, 2008)
From the Diamond 16 Puzzle —
The resemblance between the "quadrants" part of
the above picture and the new Microsoft symbol—
— is of course purely coincidental, as is the fact
that the new symbol illustrates four colors.
A search tonight for material related to the four-color
decomposition theorem yielded the Wikipedia article
Functional decomposition.
The article, of more philosophical than mathematical
interest, is largely due to one David Fass at Rutgers.
(See the article's revision history for mid-August 2007.)
Fass's interest in function decomposition may or may not
be related to the above-mentioned theorem, which
originated in the investigation of functions into the
four-element Galois field from a 4×4 square domain.
Some related material involving Fass and 4×4 squares—
A 2003 paper he wrote with Jacob Feldman—
"Design is how it works." — Steve Jobs
An assignment for Jobs in the afterlife—
Discuss the Fass-Feldman approach to "categorization under
complexity" in the context of the Wikipedia article's
philosophical remarks on "reductionist tradition."
The Fass-Feldman paper was assigned in an MIT course
for a class on Walpurgisnacht 2003.
Pentagram design agency on the new Windows 8 logo—
"… the logo re-imagines the familiar four-color symbol
as a modern geometric shape"—
Sam Moreau, Principal Director of User Experience for Windows,
yesterday—
On Redesigning the Windows Logo—
"To see what is in front of one's nose
needs a constant struggle." —George Orwell
That is the feeling we had when Paula Scher
(from the renowned Pentagram design agency)
showed us her sketches for the new Windows logo.
Related material:
On the Complexity of Combat—
The above article (see original pdf), clearly of more
theoretical than practical interest, uses the concept
of "symmetropy" developed by some Japanese
researchers.
For some background from finite geometry, see
Symmetry of Walsh Functions. For related posts
in this journal, see Smallest Perfect Universe.
Update of 7:00 PM EST Feb. 9, 2012—
Background on Walsh-function symmetry in 1982—
(Click image to enlarge. See also original pdf.)
Note the somewhat confusing resemblance to
a four-color decomposition theorem
used in the proof of the diamond theorem.
Richard J. Trudeau, a mathematics professor and Unitarian minister, published in 1987 a book, The Non-Euclidean Revolution , that opposes what he calls the Story Theory of truth [i.e., Quine, nominalism, postmodernism] to what he calls the traditional Diamond Theory of truth [i.e., Plato, realism, the Roman Catholic Church]. This opposition goes back to the medieval "problem of universals" debated by scholastic philosophers.
(Trudeau may never have heard of, and at any rate did not mention, an earlier 1976 monograph on geometry, "Diamond Theory," whose subject and title are relevant.)
From yesterday's Sunday morning New York Times—
"Stories were the primary way our ancestors transmitted knowledge and values. Today we seek movies, novels and 'news stories' that put the events of the day in a form that our brains evolved to find compelling and memorable. Children crave bedtime stories…."
— Drew Westen, professor at Emory University
From May 22, 2009—
The above ad is by Diamond from last night’s
|
For further details, see Saturday's correspondences |
Comme de longs échos qui de loin se confondent
Dans une ténébreuse et profonde unité….
— Baudelaire, “Correspondances ”
From “A Four-Color Theorem”—
Figure 1
Note that this illustrates a natural correspondence
between
(A) the seven highly symmetrical four-colorings
of the 4×2 array at the left of Fig. 1, and
(B) the seven points of the smallest
projective plane at the right of Fig. 1.
To see the correspondence, add, in binary
fashion, the pairs of projective points from the
“points” section that correspond to like-colored
squares in a four-coloring from the left of Fig. 1.
(The correspondence can, of course, be described
in terms of cosets rather than of colorings.)
A different correspondence between these 7 four-coloring
structures and these 7 projective-line structures appears in
a structural analysis of the Miracle Octad Generator
(MOG) of R.T. Curtis—
Figure 2
Here the correspondence between the 7 four-coloring structures (left section) and the 7 projective-line structures (center section) is less obvious, but more fruitful. It yields, as shown, all of the 35 partitions of an 8-element set (an 8-set ) into two 4-sets. The 7 four-colorings in Fig. 2 also appear in the 35 4×4 parts of the MOG that correspond, in a way indicated by Fig. 2, to the 35 8-set paritions. This larger correspondence— of 35 4×2 arrays with 35 4×4 arrays— is the MOG, at least as it was originally defined. See The MOG, Generating the Octad Generator, and Eightfold Geometry.
For some applications of the Curtis MOG, see |
The following is from the weblog of a high school mathematics teacher—
This is related to the structure of the figure on the cover of the 1976 monograph Diamond Theory—
Each small square pattern on the cover is a Latin square,
with elements that are geometric figures rather than letters or numerals.
All order-four Latin squares are represented.
For a deeper look at the structure of such squares, let the high-school
chart above be labeled with the letters A through X, and apply the
four-color decomposition theorem. The result is 24 structural diagrams—
Some of the squares are structurally congruent under the group of 8 symmetries of the square.
This can be seen in the following regrouping—
(Image corrected on Jan. 25, 2011– "seven" replaced "eight.")
* Retitled "The Order-4 (i.e., 4×4) Latin Squares" in the copy at finitegeometry.org/sc.
"You ain't been blue; no, no, no.
You ain't been blue,
Till you've had that mood indigo."
— Song lyrics, authorship disputed
Indigo (web color) (#4B0082)
"Pigment indigo (web color indigo) represents
the way the color indigo was always reproduced
in pigments, paints, or colored pencils in the 1950s."
Related mythology:
Indigo Children and the classic
1964 film Children of the Damned
Related non-mythology:
Towards a Philosophy of Real Mathematics, by David Corfield, Cambridge U. Press, 2003, p. 206:
"Now, it is no easy business defining what one means by the term conceptual…. I think we can say that the conceptual is usually expressible in terms of broad principles. A nice example of this comes in the form of harmonic analysis, which is based on the idea, whose scope has been shown by George Mackey (1992) to be immense, that many kinds of entity become easier to handle by decomposing them into components belonging to spaces invariant under specified symmetries."
For a simpler example of this idea, see the entities in The Diamond Theorem, the decomposition in A Four-Color Theorem, and the space in Geometry of the 4×4 Square. The decomposition differs from that of harmonic analysis, although the subspaces involved in the diamond theorem are isomorphic to Walsh functions— well-known as discrete analogues of the trigonometric functions of traditional harmonic analysis.
Old Year, Raus!
Also in today’s New York Times obituaries index:
John T. Elson, Editor Who Asked
“Is God Dead?” at Time, Dies at 78
Wikipedia article on George Polya:
From the date of Elson’s death:
Magic Boxes
"Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas– only I don't exactly know what they are!…. Let's have a look at the garden first!"
— A passage from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. The "garden" part– but not the "ideas" part– was quoted by Jacques Derrida in Dissemination in the epigraph to Chapter 7, "The Time before First."
Commentary
on the passage:
Part I "The Magic Box," shown on Turner Classic Movies earlier tonight
Part II: "Mimsy Were the Borogoves," a classic science fiction story:
"… he lifted a square, transparent crystal block, small enough to cup in his palm– much too small to contain the maze of apparatus within it. In a moment Scott had solved that problem. The crystal was a sort of magnifying glass, vastly enlarging the things inside the block. Strange things they were, too. Miniature people, for example– They moved. Like clockwork automatons, though much more smoothly. It was rather like watching a play."
Part III: A Crystal Block —
Image of pencils is by
Diane Robertson Design.
Related material:
"A Four-Color Theorem."
Part IV:
Part I: “The Magic Box,” shown on Turner Classic Movies tonight
Part II: “Mimsy Were the Borogoves,” a classic science fiction story:
“… he lifted a square, transparent crystal block, small enough to cup in his palm– much too small to contain the maze of apparatus within it. In a moment Scott had solved that problem. The crystal was a sort of magnifying glass, vastly enlarging the things inside the block. Strange things they were, too. Miniature people, for example–
They moved. Like clockwork automatons, though much more smoothly. It was rather like watching a play.”
Image of pencils is by
Diane Robertson Design.
Related material:
“A Four-Color Theorem.”
Continued from Monday
“This is a chapel
of mischance;
ill luck betide it, ’tis
the cursedest kirk
that ever I came in!”
Philip Kennicott on
Kirk Varnedoe in
The Washington Post:
“Varnedoe’s lectures were
ultimately about faith,
about his faith in
the power of abstraction,
and abstraction as a kind of
anti-religious faith in itself….”
Kennicott’s remarks were
on Sunday, May 18, 2003.
They were subtitled
“Closing the Circle
on Abstract Art.”
Also on Sunday, May 18, 2003:
“Will the circle be unbroken?
As if some southern congregation
is praying we will come to understand.”
Princeton University Press:
See also
Parmiggiani’s
Giordano Bruno —
Dürer’s Melencolia I —
and Log24 entries
of May 19-22, 2009,
ending with
“Steiner System” —
George Steiner on chess
(see yesterday morning):
“Allegoric associations of death with chess are perennial….”
Yes, they are.
April is Math Awareness Month.
This year’s theme is “mathematics and art.”
Cf. both of yesterday’s entries.
New York Times
banner this morning:
Related material from
July 11, 2008:
The HSBC Logo Designer — Henry Steiner He is an internationally recognized corporate identity consultant. Based in Hong Kong, his work for clients such as HongkongBank, IBM and Unilever is a major influence in Pacific Rim design. Born in Austria and raised in New York, Steiner was educated at Yale under Paul Rand and attended the Sorbonne as a Fulbright Fellow. He is a past President of Alliance Graphique Internationale. Other professional affiliations include the American Institute of Graphic Arts, Chartered Society of Designers, Design Austria, and the New York Art Directors' Club. His Cross-Cultural Design: Communicating in the Global Marketplace was published by Thames and Hudson (1995). |
Charles Taylor,
"Epiphanies of Modernism," Chapter 24 of Sources of the Self (Cambridge U. Press, 1989, p. 477):
"… the object sets up
See also Talking of Michelangelo.
|
Related material suggested by
an ad last night on
ABC's Ugly Betty season finale:
Diamond from last night's
Log24 entry, with
four colored pencils from
Diane Robertson Design:
See also
A Four-Color Theorem.
This 1495 image is found in
The Janus Faces of Genius:
The Role of Alchemy
in Newton's Thought,
by B. J. T. Dobbs,
Cambridge U. Press,
2002, p. 85
From
Kernel of Eternity:
From
Sacerdotal Jargon
at Harvard:
From "The Fifth Element"
(1997, Milla Jovovich
and Bruce Willis) —
The crossing of the beams:
Happy birthday, Bruce Willis.
Humorism
"Always with a
little humor."
— Dr. Yen Lo
From Temperament: A Brief Survey
For other interpretations
of the above shape, see
The Illuminati Diamond.
from Jung's Aion:
As for rotation, see the ambigrams in Dan Brown's Angels & Demons (to appear as a film May 15) and the following figures:
A related note on
"Angels & Demons"
director Ron Howard:
The Kohs Block Design
Intelligence Test
Samuel Calmin Kohs, the designer (but not the originator) of the above intelligence test, would likely disapprove of the "Aryan Youth types" mentioned in passing by a film reviewer in today's New York Times. (See below.) The Aryan Youth would also likely disapprove of Dr. Kohs.
1. Wechsler Cubes (intelligence testing cubes derived from the Kohs cubes shown above). See…
Harvard psychiatry and…
The Montessori Method;
The Crimson Passion;
The Lottery Covenant.
2. Wechsler Cubes of a different sort (Log24, May 25, 2008)
3. Manohla Dargis in today's New York Times:
"… 'Momma’s Man' is a touchingly true film, part weepie, part comedy, about the agonies of navigating that slippery slope called adulthood. It was written and directed by Azazel Jacobs, a native New Yorker who has set his modestly scaled movie with a heart the size of the Ritz in the same downtown warren where he was raised. Being a child of the avant-garde as well as an A student, he cast his parents, the filmmaker Ken Jacobs and the artist Flo Jacobs, as the puzzled progenitors of his centerpiece, a wayward son of bohemia….
In American movies, growing up tends to be a job for either Aryan Youth types or the oddballs and outsiders…."
"… I think that the deeper opportunity, the greater opportunity film can offer us is as an exercise of the mind. But an exercise, I hate to use the word, I won't say 'soul,' I won't say 'soul' and I won't say 'spirit,' but that it can really put our deepest psychological existence through stuff. It can be a powerful exercise. It can make us think, but I don't mean think about this and think about that. The very, very process of powerful thinking, in a way that it can afford, is I think very, very valuable. I basically think that the mind is not complete yet, that we are working on creating the mind. Okay. And that the higher function of art for me is its contribution to the making of mind."
— Interview with Ken Jacobs, UC Berkeley, October 1999
5. For Dargis's "Aryan Youth types"–
From a Manohla Dargis
New York Times film review
of April 4, 2007
(Spy Wednesday) —
See also, from August 1, 2008
(anniversary of Hitler's
opening the 1936 Olympics) —
For Sarah Silverman —
and the 9/9/03 entry
Doonesbury,
August 21-22, 2008:
The Last Theorem, a novel by
Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl
"The Last Theorem is a story of one man’s mathematical obsession, and a celebration of the human spirit and the scientific method. It is also a gripping intellectual thriller….
In 1637, the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat scrawled a note in the margin of a book about an enigmatic theorem: 'I have discovered a truly marvelous proof of this proposition which this margin is too narrow to contain.' He also neglected to record his proof elsewhere. Thus began a search for the Holy Grail of mathematics– a search that didn’t end until 1994, when Andrew Wiles published a 150-page proof. But the proof was burdensome, overlong, and utilized mathematical techniques undreamed of in Fermat’s time, and so it left many critics unsatisfied– including young Ranjit Subramanian, a Sri Lankan with a special gift for mathematics and a passion for the famous 'Last Theorem.'
When Ranjit writes a three-page proof of the theorem that relies exclusively on knowledge available to Fermat, his achievement is hailed as a work of genius, bringing him fame and fortune…."
For a similar third-world fantasy about another famous theorem, see the oeuvre of Ashay Dharwadker.
Note the amazing conclusion of Dharwadker's saga (thus far)–
Dharwadker devises a proof of the four-color theorem that leads to…
For another connection with Sri Lanka, see
“Put bluntly, who is kidding whom?”
— Anthony Judge, draft of
“Potential Psychosocial Significance
of Monstrous Moonshine:
An Exceptional Form of Symmetry
as a Rosetta Stone for
Cognitive Frameworks,”
dated September 6, 2007.
Good question.
Also from
September 6, 2007 —
the date of
Madeleine L’Engle‘s death —
|
1. The performance of a work by
Richard Strauss,
“Death and Transfiguration,”
(Tod und Verklärung, Opus 24)
by the Chautauqua Symphony
at Chautauqua Institution on
July 24, 2008
2. Headline of a music review
in today’s New York Times:
Welcoming a Fresh Season of
Transformation and Death
3. The picture of the R. T. Curtis
Miracle Octad Generator
on the cover of the book
Twelve Sporadic Groups:
4. Freeman Dyson’s hope, quoted by
Gorenstein in 1986, Ronan in 2006,
and Judge in 2007, that the Monster
group is “built in some way into
the structure of the universe.”
5. Symmetry from Plato to
the Four-Color Conjecture
7. Yesterday’s entry,
“Theories of Everything“
Coda:
as a tesseract.“
— Madeleine L’Engle
For a profile of
L’Engle, click on
the Easter eggs.
Bertram Kostant, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at MIT, on an object discussed in this week's New Yorker:
Hermann Weyl on the hard core of objectivity:
Steven H. Cullinane on the symmetries of a 4×4 array of points:
A Structure-Endowed Entity
"A guiding principle in modern mathematics is this lesson: Whenever you have to do with a structure-endowed entity S, try to determine its group of automorphisms, the group of those element-wise transformations which leave all structural relations undisturbed. You can expect to gain a deep insight into the constitution of S in this way." — Hermann Weyl in Symmetry Let us apply Weyl's lesson to the following "structure-endowed entity."
What is the order of the resulting group of automorphisms? |
The above group of
automorphisms plays
a role in what Weyl,
following Eddington,
called a "colorful tale"–
This puzzle shows
that the 4×4 array can
also be viewed in
thousands of ways.
"You can make 322,560
pairs of patterns. Each
pair pictures a different
symmetry of the underlying
16-point space."
— Steven H. Cullinane,
July 17, 2008
For other parts of the tale,
see Ashay Dharwadker,
the Four-Color Theorem,
and Usenet Postings.
… we know that we use
Only the eye as faculty, that the mind
Is the eye, and that this landscape of the mind
— Wallace Stevens, “Crude Foyer”
— Delmore Schwartz,
“In the Naked Bed, in Plato’s Cave“
In this representation, V is a normal subgroup of the alternating group A4 (and also the symmetric group S4) on 4 letters. In fact, it is the kernel of a surjective map from S4 to S3. According to Galois theory, the existence of the Klein four-group (and in particular, this representation of it) explains the existence of the formula for calculating the roots of quartic equations in terms of radicals.
For radicals of another sort, see A Logocentric Meditation, A Mass for Lucero, and Steven Erlanger in The New York Times— "France Still Divided Over Lessons of 1968 Unrest."
The Klein Group as Kernel
of a Map from S4 to S3:
For those who prefer Galois's
politics to his mathematics,
there is
MAY 68: STREET POSTERS
FROM THE PARIS REBELLION
at London's Southbank Centre
(May 1 – June 1, 2008).
Thomas Wolfe
(Harvard M.A., 1922)
versus
Rosalind Krauss
(Harvard M.A., 1964,
Ph.D., 1969)
on
"No culture has a pact with eternity."
— George Steiner, interview in
The Guardian of
"At that instant he saw,
in one blaze of light, an image
of unutterable conviction….
the core of life, the essential
pattern whence all other things
proceed, the kernel of eternity."
— Thomas Wolfe, Of Time
and the River, quoted in
Log24 on June 9, 2005
From today's online Harvard Crimson:
"… under the leadership of Faust,
Harvard students should look forward
to an ever-growing opportunity for
international experience
and artistic endeavor."
Pauli as Mephistopheles
in a 1932 parody of
Goethe's Faust at Niels Bohr's
institute in Copenhagen
From a recent book
on Wolfgang Pauli,
The Innermost Kernel:
A belated happy birthday
to the late
Felix Christian Klein
(born on April 25) —
Another Harvard figure quoted here on Dec. 5, 2002:
"The theory of poetry, that is to say, the total of the theories of poetry, often seems to become in time a mystical theology or, more simply, a mystique. The reason for this must by now be clear. The reason is the same reason why the pictures in a museum of modern art often seem to become in time a mystical aesthetic, a prodigious search of appearance, as if to find a way of saying and of establishing that all things, whether below or above appearance, are one and that it is only through reality, in which they are reflected or, it may be, joined together, that we can reach them. Under such stress, reality changes from substance to subtlety, a subtlety in which it was natural for Cézanne to say: 'I see planes bestriding each other and sometimes straight lines seem to me to fall' or 'Planes in color…. The colored area where shimmer the souls of the planes, in the blaze of the kindled prism, the meeting of planes in the sunlight.' The conversion of our Lumpenwelt went far beyond this. It was from the point of view of another subtlety that Klee could write: 'But he is one chosen that today comes near to the secret places where original law fosters all evolution. And what artist would not establish himself there where the organic center of all movement in time and space– which he calls the mind or heart of creation– determines every function.' Conceding that this sounds a bit like sacerdotal jargon, that is not too much to allow to those that have helped to create a new reality, a modern reality, since what has been created is nothing less."
— Wallace Stevens, Harvard College Class of 1901, "The Relations between Poetry and Painting" in The Necessary Angel (Knopf, 1951)
From a review of Rosalind Krauss's The Optical Unconscious (MIT Press hardcover, 1993):
Krauss is concerned to present Modernism less in terms of its history than its structure, which she seeks to represent by means of a kind of diagram: "It is more interesting to think of modernism as a graph or table than a history." The "table" is a square with diagonally connected corners, of the kind most likely to be familiar to readers as the Square of Opposition, found in elementary logic texts since the mid-19th century. The square, as Krauss sees it, defines a kind of idealized space "within which to work out unbearable contradictions produced within the real field of history." This she calls, using the inevitable gallicism, "the site of Jameson's Political Unconscious" and then, in art, the optical unconscious, which consists of what Utopian Modernism had to kick downstairs, to repress, to "evacuate… from its field."
— Arthur C. Danto in ArtForum, Summer 1993
Rosalind Kraus in The Optical Unconscious (MIT Press paperback, 1994):
For a presentation of the Klein Group, see Marc Barbut, "On the Meaning of the Word 'Structure' in Mathematics," in Introduction to Structuralism, ed. Michael Lane (New York: Basic Books, 1970). Claude Lévi-Strauss uses the Klein group in his analysis of the relation between Kwakiutl and Salish masks in The Way of the Masks, trans. Sylvia Modelski (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), p. 125; and in relation to the Oedipus myth in "The Structural Analysis of Myth," Structural Anthropology, trans. Claire Jackobson [sic] and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf (New York: Basic Books, 1963). In a transformation of the Klein Group, A. J. Greimas has developed the semiotic square, which he describes as giving "a slightly different formulation to the same structure," in "The Interaction of Semiotic Constraints," On Meaning (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 50. Jameson uses the semiotic square in The Political Unconscious (see pp. 167, 254, 256, 277) [Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981)], as does Louis Marin in "Disneyland: A Degenerate Utopia," Glyph, no. 1 (1977), p. 64.
Wikipedia on the Klein group (denoted V, for Vierergruppe):
In this representation, V is a normal subgroup of the alternating group A4 (and also the symmetric group S4) on 4 letters. In fact, it is the kernel of a surjective map from S4 to S3. According to Galois theory, the existence of the Klein four-group (and in particular, this representation of it) explains the existence of the formula for calculating the roots of quartic equations in terms of radicals.
For material related to Klee's phrase mentioned above by Stevens, "the organic center of all movement in time and space," see the following Google search:
“It is said that the students of medieval Paris came to blows in the streets over the question of universals. The stakes are high, for at issue is our whole conception of our ability to describe the world truly or falsely, and the objectivity of any opinions we frame to ourselves. It is arguable that this is always the deepest, most profound problem of philosophy.”
— Simon Blackburn, Think (Oxford, 1999)
Michael Harris, mathematician at the University of Paris:
“… three ‘parts’ of tragedy identified by Aristotle that transpose to fiction of all types– plot (mythos), character (ethos), and ‘thought’ (dianoia)….”
— paper (pdf) to appear in Mathematics and Narrative, A. Doxiadis and B. Mazur, eds.
Mythos —
A visitor from France this morning viewed the entry of Jan. 23, 2006: “In Defense of Hilbert (On His Birthday).” That entry concerns a remark of Michael Harris.
A check of Harris’s website reveals a new article:
“Do Androids Prove Theorems in Their Sleep?” (slighly longer version of article to appear in Mathematics and Narrative, A. Doxiadis and B. Mazur, eds.) (pdf).
From that article:
“The word ‘key’ functions here to structure the reading of the article, to draw the reader’s attention initially to the element of the proof the author considers most important. Compare E.M. Forster in Aspects of the Novel:
[plot is] something which is measured not be minutes or hours, but by intensity, so that when we look at our past it does not stretch back evenly but piles up into a few notable pinnacles.”
Ethos —
“Forster took pains to widen and deepen the enigmatic character of his novel, to make it a puzzle insoluble within its own terms, or without. Early drafts of A Passage to India reveal a number of false starts. Forster repeatedly revised drafts of chapters thirteen through sixteen, which comprise the crux of the novel, the visit to the Marabar Caves. When he began writing the novel, his intention was to make the cave scene central and significant, but he did not yet know how:
When I began a A Passage to India, I knew something important happened in the Malabar (sic) Caves, and that it would have a central place in the novel– but I didn’t know what it would be… The Malabar Caves represented an area in which concentration can take place. They were to engender an event like an egg.”
— E. M. Forster: A Passage to India, by Betty Jay
Dianoia —
“Despite the flagrant triviality of the proof… this result is the key point in the paper.”
— Michael Harris, op. cit., quoting a mathematical paper
Online Etymology Dictionary:
flagrant c.1500, “resplendent,” from L. flagrantem (nom. flagrans) “burning,” prp. of flagrare “to burn,” from L. root *flag-, corresponding to PIE *bhleg– (cf. Gk. phlegein “to burn, scorch,” O.E. blæc “black”). Sense of “glaringly offensive” first recorded 1706, probably from common legalese phrase in flagrante delicto “red-handed,” lit. “with the crime still blazing.”
A related use of “resplendent”– applied to a Trinity, not a triviality– appears in the Liturgy of Malabar:
— The Liturgies of SS. Mark, James, Clement, Chrysostom, and Basil, and the Church of Malabar, by the Rev. J.M. Neale and the Rev. R.F. Littledale, reprinted by Gorgias Press, 2002
Judy Davis in the Marabar Caves
In mathematics
(as opposed to narrative),
somewhere between
a flagrant triviality and
a resplendent Trinity we
have what might be called
“a resplendent triviality.”
For further details, see
“A Four-Color Theorem.”
This note is prompted by the March 4 death of Richard D. Anderson, writer on geometry, President (1981-82) of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA), and member of the MAA's Icosahedron Society.
"The historical road
from the Platonic solids
to the finite simple groups
is well known."
— Steven H. Cullinane,
November 2000,
Symmetry from Plato to
the Four-Color Conjecture
"By far the most important structure in design theory is the Steiner system S(5, 8, 24)."
This Steiner system is closely connected to M24 and to the extended binary Golay code. Brouwer gives an elegant construction of that code (and therefore of M24):
"Let N be the adjacency matrix of the icosahedron (points: 12 vertices, adjacent: joined by an edge). Then the rows of the 12×24 matrix
— Op. cit., p. 719
Finite Geometry of
the Square and Cube
and
Jewel in the Crown
"There is a pleasantly discursive
treatment of Pontius Pilate's
unanswered question
'What is truth?'"
— H. S. M. Coxeter, 1987,
introduction to Trudeau's
"story theory" of truth
Those who prefer stories to truth
may consult the Log24 entries
of March 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
They may also consult
the poet Rubén Darío:
… Todo lo sé por el lucero puro
que brilla en la diadema de la Muerte.
An earlier entry today (“Hollywood Midrash continued“) on a father and son suggests we might look for an appropriate holy ghost. In that context…
A search for further background on Emmanuel Levinas, a favorite philosopher of the late R. B. Kitaj (previous two entries), led (somewhat indirectly) to the following figures of Descartes:
Compare and contrast:
The harmonic-analysis analogy suggests a review of an earlier entry’s
link today to 4/30– Structure and Logic— as well as
re-examination of Symmetry and a Trinity
(Dec. 4, 2002).
See also —
A Four-Color Theorem,
The Diamond Theorem, and
The Most Violent Poem,
Blitz by anonymous
New Delhi user
From Wikipedia on 31 May, 2007:
Shown below is a list of 25 alterations to Wikipedia math articles made today by user 122.163.102.246.
All of the alterations involve removal of links placed by user Cullinane (myself).
The 122.163… IP address is from an internet service provider in New Delhi, India.
The New Delhi anonymous user was apparently inspired by an earlier blitz by Wikipedia administrator Charles Matthews. (See User talk: Cullinane.)
Related material:
Ashay Dharwadker and Usenet Postings
and Talk: Four color theorem/Archive 2.
See also some recent comments from 122.163…
at Talk: Four color theorem.
May 31, 2007, alterations by
user 122.163.102.246:
The deletions should please Charles Matthews and fans of Ashay Dharwadker’s work as a four-color theorem enthusiast and as editor of the Open Directory sections on combinatorics and on graph theory.
There seems little point in protesting the deletions while Wikipedia still allows any anonymous user to change their articles.
— Cullinane 23:28, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
Reply to my fan mail
Discussions in Internet forums indicate that at least three people seem deeply interested in my work in finite geometry:
Unfortunately, remarks posted under these names are all extremely negative. This is understandable, given that the author or authors have completely failed to comprehend what I was getting at. Actually, I suspect that all three authors are the same person, who was inspired to bitter hatred by my negative review of an attempted proof of the four-color theorem. I do not suspect the author of that attempted proof, but rather one of his countrymen; attacks posted using the forged name “R. T. Curtis” were posted from an address somewhere in Bombay, and “crankbuster” claims to be posting from Sri Lanka.
As the real R. T. Curtis has noted, “If someone is deliberately using my name to attack Steven Cullinane anonymously, it shows malice and cowardice unusual in the mathematical world.” At least my anonymous fan has, it seems, stopped using other people’s names to hide behind… although the latest attacks, under the name “crankbuster,” seem to be trying to imply, falsely, a connection with the Crank Dot Net website.
A Crackpot with Power
The following is an greatly abbreviated version of a sci.math group thread on an attempted proof of the four-color theorem.
There is a nicely presented approach to proving the Four Color Theorem… at the following… site:
Where in the proof is the hypothesis of “requiring N colors” (not colorable with N-1 colors) used?
(Following some banter) Go play elsewhere if you buy into 4CT crackpot proofs.
The proposed 4CT proof is hardly crackpot, and may contain some new ideas (or reformulations of old ones).
That’s what all crackpots say. Join the club.
My first-glance reaction is that it’s an amazing collection of undigested chunks of heavy equipment. It seems more designed to confuse any expert (by making sure it contains something the expert doesn’t understand) than to convince anyone of the truth of the 4CT.
Skimming the proof I did not see any place where the minimality of the chromatic number N was used, nor any explanation of why a 12-fold covering is introduced (other than it fits the numerology needed to rule out a Steiner system). This makes me skeptical about the proof, but it’s hardly crackpot.
The author of this attempted proof, Ashay Dharwadker, is now an editor of the following Open Directory Project categories:
Science: Math: Combinatorics and
Science: Math: Combinatorics: Graph Theory.
I agree with “Default,” Eppstein, and Varney.
As “Default” notes, the proof is invalid, since it does not even use the hypotheses of the theorem. I pointed this out in November 2000 in a sub-page of a website in the Open Directory combinatorics category,
I also agree with Eppstein that Dharwadker’s writing seems “designed to confuse.”
Finally, I strongly agree with Varney that Dharwadker is a crackpot. I reluctantly arrived at this conclusion only last night, after learning that
Crackpots are annoying, but crackpots with power are both contemptible and infuriating. I am currently trying to rectify the appalling mistake made by whoever appointed Dharwadker to a position of responsibility.
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