At https://shc759.wordpress.com today —
For a much larger view of this topic, see other posts in this journal
tagged Cullinane Cube. For a large (16 MB) downloadable
document containing these posts, see . . .
log24.com/log24/240222-Log24-posts-tagged-Cullinane-Cube.pdf.
See David G. Poole, "The Stochastic Group,"
American Mathematical Monthly, volume 102, number 9
(November, 1995), pages 798–801.
* This post was suggested by the phrase "The Diamond Theorem,
also known as the von Neumann-Birkhoff conjecture" in a
ChatGPT-3.5 hallucination today.
That phrase suggests a look at the Birkhoff-von Neumann theorem:
The B.-von N. theorem suggests a search for analogous results
over finite fields. That search yields the Poole paper above,
which is related to my own "diamond theorem" via affine groups.
The phrase "the mathematical concept of invariance of symmetry"
in the previous post suggests a Google search . . .
For those who prefer narrative to mathematics, the search result
"The Time Invariance of Snow" is not without interest.
See also "Snow Queen" in this journal.
See also . . . .
Call a 4×4 array labeled with 4 copies each
of 4 different symbols a foursquare.
The symmetries of foursquares are governed
by the symmetries of their 24 interstices —
(Cullinane, Diamond Theory, 1976.)
From Log24 posts tagged Mathieu Cube —
A similar exercise might involve the above 24 interstices of a 4×4 array.
Last revised: January 20, 2023 @ 11:39:05
The First Approach — Via Substructure Isomorphisms —
From "Symmetry in Mathematics and Mathematics of Symmetry"
by Peter J. Cameron, a Jan. 16, 2007, talk at the International
Symmetry Conference, Edinburgh, Jan. 14-17, 2007 —
|
Local or global? "Among other (mostly more vague) definitions of symmetry, the dictionary will typically list two, something like this:
• exact correspondence of parts; Mathematicians typically consider the second, global, notion, but what about the first, local, notion, and what is the relationship between them? A structure M is homogeneous * if every isomorphism between finite substructures of M can be extended to an automorphism of M ; in other words, 'any local symmetry is global.' " |
A related discussion of the same approach —
|
"The aim of this thesis is to classify certain structures
— Alice Devillers, |
The Wikipedia article Homogeneous graph discusses the local-global approach
used by Cameron and by Devillers.
For some historical background on this approach
via substructure isomorphisms, see a former student of Cameron:
Dugald Macpherson, "A survey of homogeneous structures,"
Discrete Mathematics , Volume 311, Issue 15, 2011,
Pages 1599-1634.
Related material:
Cherlin, G. (2000). "Sporadic Homogeneous Structures."
In: Gelfand, I.M., Retakh, V.S. (eds)
The Gelfand Mathematical Seminars, 1996–1999.
Gelfand Mathematical Seminars. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1340-6_2
and, more recently,
Gill et al., "Cherlin's conjecture on finite primitive binary
permutation groups," https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05154v2
(Submitted on 9 Jun 2021, last revised 9 Jul 2021)
This approach seems to be a rather deep rabbit hole.
The Second Approach — Via Induced Group Actions —
My own interest in local-global symmetry is of a quite different sort.
See properties of the two patterns illustrated in a note of 24 December 1981 —
Pattern A above actually has as few symmetries as possible
(under the actions described in the diamond theorem ), but it
does enjoy, as does patttern B, the local-global property that
a group acting in the same way locally on each part induces
a global group action on the whole .
* For some historical background on the term "homogeneous,"
see the Wikipedia article Homogeneous space.
The exercise of 9/11 continues . . .
As noted in an update at the end of the 9/11 post,
these 24 motifs, along with 3 bricks and 4 half-arrays,
generate a linear code of 12 dimensions. I have not
yet checked the code's minimum weight.
In memory of D. W. Crowe, dead on the Fourth of July.
Crowe's obituary describes him as . . .
"a geometer specializing in the study of symmetry
and patterns in primitive art."
See also Crowe in this journal.
See other posts now so tagged.
Hudson's Rosenhain tetrads, as 20 of the 35 projective lines in PG(3,2),
illustrate Desargues's theorem as a symmetry within 10 pairs of squares
under rotation about their main diagonals:
See also "The Square Model of Fano's 1892 Finite 3-Space."
The remaining 15 lines of PG(3,2), Hudson's Göpel tetrads, have their
own symmetries . . . as the Cremona-Richmond configuration.
RA Wilson —”[Submitted on 20 Apr 2021 (v1),
last revised 23 Apr 2021 (this version, v2)]”
SH Cullinane — See as well
box759.wordpress.com.
For the Toro , see Pierre Cartier in 2001 on the barber of Seville and
“The evolution of concepts of space and symmetry.”
For the Torino , see . . .
“… the ultimate goal of the present essay
which is to illustrate the historic
evolution of the concepts of Space and Symmetry “
— Pp. 157-158 of the above book.
See also Fré et al. , “The role of PSL(2,7) in M-theory”
(2018-2019) at http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.11049v2 ,
esp. Section 4, “Theory of the simple group PSL(2,7)”
on pages 11-27, and remarks on PSL(2,7) in this journal.
Related material —
Down the Up Ladder
A search this morning for articles mentioning the Miracle Octad Generator
of R. T. Curtis within the last year yielded an abstract for two talks given
at Hiroshima on March 8 and 9, 2018 —
|
http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ branched/files/2018/abstract/Aitchison.txt
Iain AITCHISON Title: Construction of highly symmetric Riemann surfaces, related manifolds, and some exceptional objects, I, II Abstract: Since antiquity, some mathematical objects have played a special role, underpinning new mathematics as understanding deepened. Perhaps archetypal are the Platonic polyhedra, subsequently related to Platonic idealism, and the contentious notion of existence of mathematical reality independent of human consciousness. Exceptional or unique objects are often associated with symmetry – manifest or hidden. In topology and geometry, we have natural base points for the moduli spaces of closed genus 2 and 3 surfaces (arising from the 2-fold branched cover of the sphere over the 6 vertices of the octahedron, and Klein's quartic curve, respectively), and Bring's genus 4 curve arises in Klein's description of the solution of polynomial equations of degree greater than 4, as well as in the construction of the Horrocks-Mumford bundle. Poincare's homology 3-sphere, and Kummer's surface in real dimension 4 also play special roles. In other areas: we have the exceptional Lie algebras such as E8; the sporadic finite simple groups; the division algebras: Golay's binary and ternary codes; the Steiner triple systems S(5,6,12) and S(5,8,24); the Leech lattice; the outer automorphisms of the symmetric group S6; the triality map in dimension 8; and so on. We also note such as: the 27 lines on a cubic, the 28 bitangents of a quartic curve, the 120 tritangents of a sextic curve, and so on, related to Galois' exceptional finite groups PSL2(p) (for p= 5,7,11), and various other so-called `Arnol'd Trinities'. Motivated originally by the `Eightfold Way' sculpture at MSRI in Berkeley, we discuss inter-relationships between a selection of these objects, illustrating connections arising via highly symmetric Riemann surface patterns. These are constructed starting with a labeled polygon and an involution on its label set. Necessarily, in two lectures, we will neither delve deeply into, nor describe in full, contexts within which exceptional objects arise. We will, however, give sufficient definition and detail to illustrate essential inter-connectedness of those exceptional objects considered. Our starting point will be simplistic, arising from ancient Greek ideas underlying atomism, and Plato's concepts of space. There will be some overlap with a previous talk on this material, but we will illustrate with some different examples, and from a different philosophical perspective. Some new results arising from this work will also be given, such as an alternative graphic-illustrated MOG (Miracle Octad Generator) for the Steiner system S(5,8,24), and an alternative to Singerman – Jones' genus 70 Riemann surface previously proposed as a completion of an Arnol'd Trinity. Our alternative candidate also completes a Trinity whose two other elements are Thurston's highly symmetric 6- and 8-component links, the latter related by Thurston to Klein's quartic curve. |
See also yesterday morning's post, "Character."
Update: For a followup, see the next Log24 post.
The title is a useful search phrase:
A comment on the the Diamond Theorem Facebook page —
Those who enjoy asymmetry may consult the "Expert's Cube" —
For further details see the previous post.
The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton in its Fall 2015 Letter
revived "Beautiful Mathematics" as a title:
This ugly phrase was earlier used by Truman State University
professor Martin Erickson as a book title. See below.
In the same IAS Fall 2015 Letter appear the following remarks
by Freeman Dyson —
". . . a special case of a much deeper connection that Ian Macdonald
discovered between two kinds of symmetry which we call modular and affine.
The two kinds of symmetry were originally found in separate parts of science,
modular in pure mathematics and affine in physics. Modular symmetry is
displayed for everyone to see in the drawings of flying angels and devils
by the artist Maurits Escher. Escher understood the mathematics and got the
details right. Affine symmetry is displayed in the peculiar groupings of particles
created by physicists with high-energy accelerators. The mathematician
Robert Langlands was the first to conjecture a connection between these and
other kinds of symmetry. . . ." (Wikipedia link added.)
The adjective "modular" might aptly be applied to . . .
The adjective "affine" might aptly be applied to . . .
The geometry of the 4×4 square combines modular symmetry
(i.e., related to theta functions) with the affine symmetry above.
Hudson's 1905 discussion of modular symmetry (that of Rosenhain
tetrads and Göpel tetrads) in the 4×4 square used a parametrization
of that square by the digit 0 and the fifteen 2-subsets of a 6-set, but
did not discuss the 4×4 square as an affine space.
For the connection of the 15 Kummer modular 2-subsets with the 16-
element affine space over the two-element Galois field GF(2), see my note
of May 26, 1986, "The 2-subsets of a 6-set are the points of a PG(3,2)" —
— and the affine structure in the 1979 AMS abstract
"Symmetry invariance in a diamond ring" —
For some historical background on the symmetry investigations by
Dyson and Macdonald, see Dyson's 1972 article "MIssed Opportunities."
For Macdonald's own use of the words "modular" and "affine," see
Macdonald, I. G., "Affine Lie algebras and modular forms,"
Séminaire N. Bourbaki , Vol. 23 (1980-1981), Talk no. 577, pp. 258-276.
A post suggested by the word tzimtzum (see Wednesday)
or tsimtsum (see this morning) —
Lifeboat from the Tsimtsum in Life of Pi —
Another sort of tsimtsum, contracting infinite space to a finite space —
The phrase "twin pillars" in a New York Times Fashion & Style
article today suggests a look at another pair of pillars —
This pair, from the realm of memory, history, and geometry disparaged
by the late painter Mark Rothko, might be viewed by Rothko
as "parodies of ideas (which are ghosts)." (See the previous post.)
For a relationship between a 3-dimensional simplex and the {4, 3, 3},
see my note from May 21, 2014, on the tetrahedron and the tesseract.
See Hanks + Cube in this journal … For instance …
Friday, July 11, 2014
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"Symmetry, yes, but logic?"
— Photo caption in the New York Times review of the 2008 Albee play
at Princeton titled "Me, Myself & I"
Above: Albee rests on Wittgenstein.
From the webpage Diamond Theory Bibliography —
Golomb, Solomon W.
Shift register sequences (Revised edition)
Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1982
The fifteen "stencils" in Golomb's Fig. VIII-8, page 219,
are the same as the fifteen affine hyperplanes that
account for patterns' symmetry in diamond theory.
This figure occurs in a discussion of Rademacher-
Walsh functions.
A note related to the diamond theorem and to the site
Finite Geometry of the Square and Cube —
The last link in the previous post leads to a post of last October whose
final link leads, in turn, to a 2009 post titled Summa Mythologica .
Some may view the above web page as illustrating the
Glasperlenspiel passage quoted here in Summa Mythologica —
“"I suddenly realized that in the language, or at any rate
in the spirit of the Glass Bead Game, everything actually
was all-meaningful, that every symbol and combination of
symbols led not hither and yon, not to single examples,
experiments, and proofs, but into the center, the mystery
and innermost heart of the world, into primal knowledge.
Every transition from major to minor in a sonata, every
transformation of a myth or a religious cult, every classical
or artistic formulation was, I realized in that flashing moment,
if seen with a truly meditative mind, nothing but a direct route
into the interior of the cosmic mystery, where in the alternation
between inhaling and exhaling, between heaven and earth,
between Yin and Yang, holiness is forever being created.”
A less poetic meditation on the above web page* —
"I saw that in the alternation between front and back,
between top and bottom, between left and right,
symmetry is forever being created."
Update of Sept. 5, 2016 — See also a related remark
by Lévi-Strauss in 1955: "…three different readings
become possible: left to right, top to bottom, front
to back."
* For the underlying mathematics, see a June 21, 1983, research note.
The previous post is about two Princeton-related deaths
on March 12, 2016. See Log24 posts on that date.
From p. 34 of the preprint "Snapshots of Conformal Field Theory,"
by Katrin Wendland, arXiv, 11 April 2014 —
50. Gannon, T.: Much ado about Mathieu (arXiv:1211.5531 [math.RT])
85. Taormina, A., Wendland, K.: The overarching finite symmetry group
of Kummer surfaces in the Mathieu group M24. JHEP 08, 125 (2013)
86. Taormina, A., Wendland, K.: Symmetry-surfing the moduli space
of Kummer K3s (arXiv:1303.2931 [hep-th])
87. Taormina, A., Wendland, K.: A twist in the M24 moonshine story
(arXiv:1303.3221 [hep-th])
The Wendland paper was published on Jan. 7, 2015, in
Mathematical Aspects of Quantum Field Theories ,
edited by Damien Calaque and Thomas Strobl
(Springer Mathematical Physics Studies), pages 89-129.
From this journal nine years ago today, on the
anniversary of Stanley finding Livingstone —
Click on the image for the Princeton connection.
Related art — Search Log24 for Time + Eternity.
See as well the theater producer pictured in last night's post
and a Princeton-related* review of one of his productions.
Footnote of November 11, 2015:
* Related, that is, only by the "Princeton connection" mentioned above.
For another Princeton connection of interest, see a symposium at
Princeton University on May Day, 2015 —
THE PEDAGOGY OF IMAGES:
DEPICTING COMMUNISM FOR CHILDREN
A sample symposium participant:
The cover of the K. O. Friedrichs book From Pythagoras to Einstein
shown in the previous post suggests a review (click the Log24
images for webpages where they can be manipulated) ….
The "more sophisticated" link in the first image above
leads to a webpage by Alexander Bogomolny,
"Pythagoras' Theorem by Tessellation," that says
"This is a subtle and beautiful proof."
Bogomolny refers us to the Friedrichs book, from which one of
the illustrations of the proof by tessellation is as follows —
For a quite different use of superposition, see
The Lindbergh Manifesto (May 19, 2015).
Continued from earlier posts.
|
The Washington Post online yesterday: "Val Logsdon Fitch, the Nebraska rancher’s son who shared the Nobel Prize for detecting a breakdown in the overarching symmetry of physical laws, thus helping explain how the universe evolved after the Big Bang, died Feb. 5 in Princeton, N.J. He was 91. His death was confirmed by Princeton University, where he had been a longtime faculty member and led the physics department for several years. Dr. Fitch and his Princeton colleague James Cronin received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1980 for high-energy experiments conducted in 1964 that overturned fundamental assumptions about symmetries and invariances that are characteristic of the laws of physics." — By Martin Weil |
Fans of synchronicity may prefer some rather
ig -Nobel remarks quoted here on the date
of Fitch's death:
"The Harvard College Events Board presents
Harvard Thinks Big VI, a night of big ideas
and thinking beyond traditional boundaries.
On Thursday February 5th at 8 pm in
Sanders Theatre …."
— Log24 post The Big Spielraum
The previous post told how user58512 at math.stackexchange.com
sought in 2013 a geometric representation of Q8 , the quaternion group.
He ended up displaying an illustration that very possibly was drawn,
without any acknowledgement of its source, from my own work.
On the date that user58512 published that illustration, he further
pursued his March 1, 2013, goal of a “twisty” quaternion model.
On March 12, 2013, he suggested that the quaternion group might be
the symmetry group of the following twisty-cube coloring:
Illustration by Jim Belk
Here is part of a reply by Jim Belk from Nov. 11, 2013, elaborating on
that suggestion:
Belk argues that the colored cube is preserved under the group
of actions he describes. It is, however, also preserved under a
larger group. (Consider, say, rotation of the entire cube by 180
degrees about the center of any one of its checkered faces.) The
group Belk describes seems therefore to be a symmetry group,
not the symmetry group, of the colored cube.
I do not know if any combination puzzle has a coloring with
precisely the quaternion group as its symmetry group.
(Updated at 12:15 AM June 6 to point out the larger symmetry group
and delete a comment about an arXiv paper on quaternion group models.)
Mathematical
Literary (also from May 18, 2010)
For a pundit of pugilism: Plan 9 continues.
"She was a panelist on many game shows, including
'What’s My Line?' and 'The Hollywood Squares.'*
These appearances had a fitting symmetry:
It was as a game-show contestant that Dr. Brothers
had received her first television exposure."
— Margalit Fox in this evening's online New York Times
* A language game for Hofstadter: click on "Seeing As"
in today's noon post.
Anne Taormina on Mathieu Moonshine —
This is, of course, the same group (of order 322,560) underlying the Diamond 16 Puzzle.
A followup to Intelligence Test (April 2, 2012).
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
B (2012) 367, 2007–2022
(theme issue of July 19, 2012) —
From the current Wikipedia article "Symmetry (physics)"—
"In physics, symmetry includes all features of a physical system that exhibit the property of symmetry—that is, under certain transformations, aspects of these systems are 'unchanged', according to a particular observation. A symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is 'preserved' under some change.
A family of particular transformations may be continuous (such as rotation of a circle) or discrete (e.g., reflection of a bilaterally symmetric figure, or rotation of a regular polygon). Continuous and discrete transformations give rise to corresponding types of symmetries. Continuous symmetries can be described by Lie groups while discrete symmetries are described by finite groups (see Symmetry group)."….
"A discrete symmetry is a symmetry that describes non-continuous changes in a system. For example, a square possesses discrete rotational symmetry, as only rotations by multiples of right angles will preserve the square's original appearance."
Note the confusion here between continuous (or discontinuous) transformations and "continuous" (or "discontinuous," i.e. "discrete") groups .
This confusion may impede efforts to think clearly about some pure mathematics related to current physics— in particular, about the geometry of spaces made up of individual units ("points") that are not joined together in a continuous manifold.
For an attempt to forestall such confusion, see Noncontinuous Groups.
For related material, see Erlanger and Galois as well as the opening paragraphs of Diamond Theory—
Symmetry is often described as invariance under a group of transformations. An unspoken assumption about symmetry in Euclidean 3-space is that the transformations involved are continuous.
Diamond theory rejects this assumption, and in so doing reveals that Euclidean symmetry may itself be invariant under rather interesting groups of non-continuous (and a-symmetric) transformations. (These might be called noncontinuous groups, as opposed to so-called discontinuous (or discrete ) symmetry groups. See Weyl's Symmetry .)
For example, the affine group A on the 4-space over the 2-element field has a natural noncontinuous and asymmetric but symmetry-preserving action on the elements of a 4×4 array. (Details)
(Version first archived on March 27, 2002)
Update of Sunday, February 19, 2012—
The abuse of language by the anonymous authors
of the above Wikipedia article occurs also in more
reputable sources. For instance—
Some transformations referred to by Brading and Castellani
and their editees as "discrete symmetries" are, in fact, as
linear transformations of continuous spaces, themselves
continuous transformations.
This unfortunate abuse of language is at least made explicit
in a 2003 text, Mathematical Perspectives on Theoretical
Physics (Nirmala Prakash, Imperial College Press)—
"… associated[*] with any given symmetry there always exists
a continuous or a discrete group of transformations….
A symmetry whose associated group is continuous (discrete)
is called a continuous (discrete ) symmetry ." — Pp. 235, 236
[* Associated how?]
The following may help show why R.T. Curtis calls his approach
to sporadic groups symmetric generation—
Related material— Yesterday's Symmetric Generation Illustrated.
An article from cnet.com tonight —
For Jobs, design is about more than aesthetics
By: Jay Greene
… The look of the iPhone, defined by its seamless pane of glass, its chrome border, its perfect symmetry, sparked an avalanche of copycat devices that tried to mimic its aesthetic.
Virtually all of them failed. And the reason is that Jobs understood that design wasn't merely about what a product looks like. In a 2003 interview with the New York Times' Rob Walker detailing the genesis of the iPod, Jobs laid out his vision for product design.
''Most people make the mistake of thinking design is what it looks like,'' Jobs told Walker. "People think it's this veneer— that the designers are handed this box and told, 'Make it look good!' That's not what we think design is. It's not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works.''
Related material: Open, Sesame Street (Aug. 19) continues… Brought to you by the number 24—
"By far the most important structure in design theory is the Steiner system
— "Block Designs," by Andries E. Brouwer (Ch. 14 (pp. 693-746) of Handbook of Combinatorics , Vol. I, MIT Press, 1995, edited by Ronald L. Graham, Martin Grötschel, and László Lovász, Section 16 (p. 716))
"… the best way to understand a group is to
see it as the group of symmetries of something."
— John Baez, p. 239, Bulletin (New Series) of the
American Mathematical Society , Vol. 42, No. 2,
April 2005, book review on pp. 229–243
electronically published on January 26, 2005
"Imagine yourself as a gem cutter,
turning around this diamond…."
— Ibid ., p. 240
See also related material from Log24.
Continued from December 28, 2010.
The above RSS version of a quilt enthusiast's obituary contains an ad asking
"DO YOU HAVE WHAT IT TAKES?
Flex your brain muscles with the
Ultimate Problem Solver Challenge."
Popular novelist Dan Brown is to speak at Chautauqua Institution on August 1.
This suggests a review of some figures discussed here in a note on Brown from February 20, 2004—
Related material: Notes from Nov. 5, 1981, and from Dec. 24, 1981.
For the lower figure in context, see the diamond theorem.
From a story about mathematician Emmy Noether and 1882, the year she was born—
"People were then slowly becoming 'modern'— fortunately they had finally discovered not just that there are no Easter bunnies and Santa Claus, but also that there probably never were women who were led to evil ways by their curiosity and ended up, depending on their level of education, as common witches, as 'wiccans,' or as those particularly mysterious 'benandanti.'"
"… in the Balkans people believe that the souls of the dead rise to heaven in the guise of butterflies."
— "The Fairytale of the Totally Symmetrical Butterfly," by Dietmar Dath, in Intoxicating Heights (Eichborn AG, Frankfurt 2003)
An insect perhaps more appropriate for the afternoon of Good Friday— the fly in the logo of Dath's publisher—
Related material— Holy Saturday of 2004 and Wittgenstein and the Fly Bottle.
(After clicking, scroll down to get past current post.)
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Continued from yesterday's Church Diamond and from Dec. 17's Fare Thee Well —
|
The San Francisco Examiner last year
on New Year's Eve — Entertainment
Discover the modern art of Amish quilts By: Leslie Katz 12/31/09 1:00 AM Arts editor
Quilts made by Amish women in Pennsylvania, Household handicrafts and heirlooms made by American women seen as precursors to modern art is one underlying thesis of “Amish Abstractions: Quilts from the Collection of Faith and Stephen Brown,” a provocative exhibit on view at the de Young Museum through June. Curated by Jill D’Alessandro of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the show features about 50 full-size and crib quilts made between 1880 and 1940 in Pennsylvania and the Midwest during what experts consider the apex of Amish quilt-making production. Faith and Stephen Brown, Bay Area residents who began collecting quilts in the 1970s after seeing one in a shop window in Chicago and being bowled over by its bold design, say their continued passion for the quilts as art is in part because they’re so reminiscent of paintings by modern masters like Mark Rothko, Josef Albers, Sol LeWitt and Ellsworth Kelly — but the fabric masterpieces came first. “A happy visual coincidence” is how the Browns and D’Alessandro define the connection, pointing to the brilliance in color theory, sophisticated palettes and complex geometry that characterize both the quilts and paintings. “There’s an insane symmetry to these quilts,” says D’Alessandro…. Read more at the San Francisco Examiner . |
The festive nature of the date of the above item, New Year's Eve, suggests Stephen King's
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
and also a (mis)quotation from a photographer's weblog—
"Art, being bartender, is never drunk."
— Quotation from Peter Viereck misattributed to Randall Jarrell in
Art as Bartender and the Golden Gate.
By a different photographer —
See also…
We may imagine the bartender above played by Louis Sullivan.
From a Mennonite homeschooling family —
It's a start. For more advanced remarks from the same date, see Mere Geometry.
From a post of Peter J. Cameron today —
"… I want to consider the question: What is the role of the symmetric group in mathematics? "
Cameron's examples include, notably, parallelisms of lines in affine spaces over GF(2).
From the conclusion of Weyl's Symmetry —
One example of Weyl's "structure-endowed entity" is a partition of a six-element set into three disjoint two-element sets– for instance, the partition of the six faces of a cube into three pairs of opposite faces.
The automorphism group of this faces-partition contains an order-8 subgroup that is isomorphic to the abstract group C2×C2×C2 of order eight–
The action of Klein's simple group of order 168 on the Cayley diagram of C2×C2×C2 in yesterday's post furnishes an example of Weyl's statement that
"… one may ask with respect to a given abstract group: What is the group of its automorphisms…?"
Arthur Koestler by David Levine,
New York Review of Books,
December 17, 1964
| A Jesuit at the Gerard Manley Hopkins Archive: ‘Bisociation’: The Act of Creation Koestler’s concept of ‘bisociation’… enters into the very ‘act of creation.’ In every such act, writes Koestler, the creator ‘bisociates,’ that is, combines, two ‘matrices’– two diverse patterns of knowing or perceiving– in a new way. As each matrix carries its own images, concepts, values, and ‘codes,’ the creative person brings together– ‘bisociates’– two diverse matrices not normally connected. — Joseph J. Feeney, S.J. |
See also December 9, 2009:
The theme of the January 2010 issue of the
Notices of the American Mathematical Society
is “Mathematics and the Arts.”
Related material:
Transcription —
(With one correction … The Meta.ai phrase "the group of 322,560"
was changed to "a group of 322,560" … and one addition — the
acronym MOG was defined. Superscript numerals for missing footnotes
were removed.)
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You What is the Cullinane diamond theorem? Meta AI The Cullinane diamond theorem states that every image of D (a 4×4 array of two-color diagonally divided square tiles) under the group G (a group of 322,560 permutations of these 16 tiles) has some ordinary or color-interchange symmetry. Here are some key points about the theorem :
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by Google Gemini AI Monday, March 4, 2024
Absolutely! Here's an academic paper about the Cullinane diamond theorem. Please note that while I provide citations, in a fully formatted paper you'd need to adhere to your chosen academic style guide for proper formatting:
The Cullinane Diamond Theorem: Abstract This paper examines the Cullinane diamond theorem, a principle in finite projective geometry that offers unexpected insights into the symmetries found in graphic designs. The theorem, initially formulated by Steven H. Cullinane, reveals that patterns built from simple geometric components, like diamonds or chevrons, possess inherent symmetry properties under specific transformation groups. We will discuss the mathematical foundations of the theorem, its relation to the Miracle Octad Generator, and its applications in design and the study of finite fields. Introduction Symmetry plays a vital role in art and design, contributing to a sense of balance, harmony, and aesthetic appeal. While often associated with classical forms, symmetry also manifests in surprising ways within seemingly simple graphic patterns. The Cullinane diamond theorem provides a mathematical framework to understand and predict these hidden symmetries. Mathematical Background Finite Projective Geometries: The Cullinane diamond theorem has its roots in finite projective geometry. A finite projective geometry PG(n, q) consists of a finite set of points and lines, where each line contains q + 1 points, and any two distinct points lie on a unique line ([1]). Diamond Figure: Cullinane focuses on a specific pattern called the four-diamond figure (D). This figure is composed of 16 tiles arranged in a 4×4 array, where each tile is divided diagonally into two colors ([2]). Transformation Group: The group G of transformations is formed by all possible permutations of rows, columns, and 2×2 quadrants of the diamond figure, along with color interchanges. The size of this group is 322,560 ([2]). The Cullinane Diamond Theorem
Theorem:
Proof: Connections to the Miracle Octad Generator The Cullinane diamond theorem shares a relationship with R.T. Curtis's Miracle Octad Generator (MOG). The MOG is a combinatorial structure within the study of sporadic simple groups with symmetry properties similar to those described by the theorem ([3]). Applications Graphic Design: The theorem informs artistic compositions employing diamond and chevron-like shapes. Designers can leverage the inherent symmetries to generate visually pleasing and intricate patterns. Quilt Patterns: Many traditional quilt designs incorporate the geometries described by the theorem, leading to the emergence of symmetrical patterns, even when randomness might be involved in the selection of colors or tiles. Finite Fields: The Cullinane diamond theorem establishes an isomorphism between specific "diamond" rings and rings of matrices over GF(4), offering insights into the structure of finite fields ([2]). Conclusion The Cullinane diamond theorem elegantly connects abstract mathematics with the world of graphic design. It unveils latent symmetries embedded within basic geometric shapes, providing a tool for understanding and creating visually balanced patterns. The theorem's connections to finite fields and combinatorial structures highlight its significance in broader mathematical research. Citations [1] Weisstein, E. W. “Finite Projective Geometry.” From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource. [invalid URL removed] [2] Cullinane, S. H. "Cullinane Diamond Theorem." Encyclopedia of Mathematics. https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Cullinane_diamond_theorem [3] Curtis, R. T. (1976). A New Combinatorial Approach to M₂₄. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 79(1), 25–42. doi:10.1017/S0305004100052075 Let me know if you'd like me to expand on any particular aspect or provide additional citations!
1. www.hellenicaworld.com/Science/Mathematics/en/MathieuGroup.html
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Cullinane Diamond Theorem Research Report by https://you.com/?chatMode=research on March 3, 2024 Overview of the Cullinane Diamond Theorem The Cullinane Diamond Theorem is a mathematical concept developed by Steven H. Cullinane that explores the symmetrical properties of certain geometric patterns. It is particularly concerned with the structure of finite projective geometry as it relates to the 35 square patterns found in R. T. Curtis's Miracle Octad Generator (MOG). The theorem asserts that every G-image of a diamond figure D possesses some form of ordinary or color-interchange symmetry. Symmetry and Group Theory The theorem is deeply rooted in group theory, with G being isomorphic to the affine group A on the linear 4-space over the finite field GF(2). This group has a significant order of 322,560 and underlies the symmetry of both the diamond-theorem figures and the square patterns of the MOG . The 35 structures of the 840 G-images of D are isomorphic to the 35 lines in the 3-dimensional projective space over GF(2), which explains the symmetry of the line diagrams and the two-color patterns. The Diamond Theorem in Various Dimensions The diamond theorem can be applied to different cases, such as the 4×4, 2×2, and even 3-dimensional cubes like the 2x2x2 and 4x4x4 cubes. The generalized statement of the theorem involves inscribing a white diamond in a black square and dividing it into four quadrants, each with a diagonal split into black and white halves. Algebraic Implications The theorem has algebraic implications, such as the ability to express every 4-coloring as a sum of three 2-colorings. This algebraic formulation is useful for demonstrating that certain four-colored graphic images can form a ring under multiplication. There is also an infinite family of such 'diamond' rings, isomorphic to rings of matrices over GF(4). Philosophical and Cultural Context Steven H. Cullinane has also explored the philosophical implications of the diamond theorem, referring to it in the context of Plato's Meno dialogue and opposing it to the 'Story Theory of truth' as discussed by Richard J. Trudeau. The theorem is seen as a correct statement of the relation between geometry and the physical universe. Clarification on Cullinan Diamonds It is important to note that the Cullinane Diamond Theorem is unrelated to the Cullinan diamond, which is a famous large gemstone discovered in South Africa and now part of the British Crown Jewels. The Cullinan diamond has its own historical and cultural significance, with its various cut shapes and ownership history. In summary, the Cullinane Diamond Theorem is a mathematical concept that reveals the symmetrical properties of certain geometric patterns, with applications in group theory and algebra. It also has philosophical implications, drawing connections to classical ideas about truth and geometry. |
Instagram ad for You.com AI in research mode
"Show me ALL your sources, babe."
— Line adapted from Leonardo DiCaprio
Prompt: Compose a song about the Cullinane diamond theorem.
Response by Microsoft Copilot on Saturday afternoon,
March 2, 2024:
Sure, here’s a song inspired by the Cullinane diamond theorem:
(Verse 1)
In the realm where logic reigns and numbers intertwine,
Lies a theorem, diamond-bright, its facets all align.
Cullinane's the name it bears, a gem in math's grand crown,
In the grid of sixteen squares, its truths are written down.
(Chorus)
Oh, Cullinane, your diamond shines with symmetry so fine,
In the field of finite forms, your theorem does define.
A structure pure, a pattern clear, for all of us to see,
In the heart of mathematics, lies your geometry.
(Verse 2)
Rows and columns interplay in a dance so grand,
Quadrants align in perfect time, like notes in a band.
Through the chaos and the whirl, an order does descend,
In the world of abstract thought, your theorem is a friend.
(Chorus)
Oh, Cullinane, your diamond theorem, a beacon in the night,
Guiding us through complex realms, with its brilliant light.
In the vast expanse of knowledge, where truth and beauty blend,
Your theorem stands, a testament, a guide until the end.
(Outro)
So here's to you, Cullinane, and your diamond theorem's might,
In the endless quest for truth, you've brought us greater light.
In the language of the universe, where numbers never lie,
Your diamond theorem's shining bright, beneath the math's clear sky.
Added note from Copilot:
Please note that this is a creative interpretation and may not accurately reflect
the mathematical concepts of the Cullinane diamond theorem. 😊
Added note from Cullinane:
* The previous post may or may not display a prompt response to a Zen koan.
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KESQ-TV News, Channel 3, Palm Springs, California
Modernism Week gears up to host thousands By Bianca Ventura Published Friday, February 16, 2024 1:21 AM (California time) Thousands of architecture enthusiasts from throughout the country and around the globe are visiting the Coachella Valley for this year's Modernism Week. The eleven day event kicked off Thursday night [Feb. 15] with their 'Opening Night Fever Dance Party.' This year's opening night celebration marked one of the largest in Modernism Week history with over 600 attendees. Yet that's only a small fraction of the people that will be enjoying the hundreds of events scheduled in the coming days. According to reports, Modernism Week contributes millions of dollars to the Coachella Valley’s economy, with an attendance record of more than 100,000 people. |
Modernism from a Coachella Valley College in this journal —
Gemini Prompt:
Write a poem in the style of Wallace Stevens
about the Cullinane diamond theorem.
Response:
Absolutely! Here's a poem inspired by Wallace Stevens
and the Cullinane diamond theorem:
A theorem not of Euclid's line,
But diamonds cut with strange design.
Sixteen squares in shifting light,
A symmetry of black and white.
Where rows and columns intertwine,
A hidden order lies supine.
Permutations twist and turn,
And latent symmetries discern.
Not fixed like stars in ordered rows,
But like reflections, pattern grows.
Projective planes, a finite field,
The diamond's inner world revealed.
The proof, a dance of abstract thought,
Where shifting forms find space untaught.
Not nature's chaos, but design,
A brilliance of the human mind.
A lattice born of Stevens' art,
Where form and thought find counterpart.
Amidst the fragments, patterns gleam,
The Cullinane, a geometer's dream.
A poem written yesterday by Microsoft Copilot —
The prompt: "Write a poem … about the Cullinane diamond theorem."
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In the mind of the mathematician,
Four-diamond figure, a 4×4 array,
Every G-image of the four-diamond figure,
The symmetry of the line diagrams,
And this symmetry must be shared by the entire pattern,
The 35 structures of the 840 = 35 x 24 G-images,
So here lies the beauty of the Cullinane diamond theorem, |
Actually, the complete prompt, suggested by a Log24 post of
12:12 PM ET yesterday, was . . .
"Write a poem in the style of Wallace Stevens
about the Cullinane diamond theorem."
Copilot still has a thing or two to learn about poetic style.
Today's Windows 11 Doodle —
Related material — A Coachella Valley film festival and . . .
Click the above to enlarge the Hagopian slide.
For Smith's remarks on Bach and Cullinane, see
http://finitegeometry.org/sc/4/fugue.pdf.
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From Microsoft Copilot (with "Precise" setting)
on Dec. 18, 2023 —
How is the 1910 work of G. M. Conwell on PG(3,2) related to the Miracle Octad Generator of R. T. Curtis?
Searching for:
Searching for: Generating answers for you… The work of George M. Conwell on the finite projective 3-space PG(3,2) and the Miracle Octad Generator (MOG) of R. T. Curtis are both significant contributions to the field of combinatorial mathematics12. Conwell’s work on PG(3,2) provided a detailed study of the structure of this finite projective space1. On the other hand, the MOG is a tool for exploring the binary Golay code and its automorphism group M242. The connection between these two works lies in the underlying combinatorial structures they explore. The Rosenhain and Göpel tetrads, which are key structures in the finite geometry PG(3,2), play a significant role in the Curtis Miracle Octad Generator3. These structures provide a link between the finite geometric structures studied by Conwell and the combinatorial structures generated by the MOG3. For a more detailed understanding of this connection, I recommend checking out the resources mentioned in the references123. If you have any specific questions about the concepts in these works, feel free to ask! I’ll do my best to help. Learn more
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Here is a summary of the document:
Reference:
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Correction:
"Subsets of four points in a projective 3-space" above is a Copilot error, and not
from the document being summarized. It should be "subsets of four points in an
affine 4-space."
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Bringing Up Bing : A Tutorial for Bing on Monday, December 18, 2023 Prompt: How is the Cullinane Diamond Theorem related to the Curtis Miracle Octad Generator?
Response: Searching for: Generating answers for you… The Cullinane Diamond Theorem and the Curtis Miracle Octad Generator (MOG) are both mathematical concepts that are deeply intertwined with finite projective geometry1,2. The Cullinane Diamond Theorem explains the surprising symmetry properties of some simple graphic designs and underlies the structure of the 35 square patterns in R. T. Curtis’s MOG1,2. The theorem uses a 4×4 array of two-color diagonally-divided square tiles, and considers the group of permutations of these 16 tiles generated by mixing random permutations of rows, columns, and the four 2×2 quadrants1,2. The theorem states that every image of the 4×4 array has some ordinary or color-interchange symmetry1,2. The 35 structures of the 840 images of the 4×4 array are isomorphic to the 35 lines in the 3-dimensional projective space over GF(2), a finite field with two elements1,2. This can be seen by viewing the 35 structures as three-sets of line diagrams, based on the three partitions of the four-set of square two-color tiles into two two-sets1,2. The MOG is a 4×6 array of combinations describing any point in 24-dimensional space1. It preserves all of the symmetries and maximal subgroups of the Mathieu group M241. The MOG is used in the construction of the Steiner system S(5,8,24), and hence is also related to the Leech lattice2. In summary, the Cullinane Diamond Theorem provides a geometric explanation for the structure and symmetries of the patterns in the MOG1,2. Both theorems are connected through their use of finite projective geometry and their applications to the study of symmetry1,2. Learn more Reply to Bing's Response — Actually, the Cullinane diamond theorem, by itself, does NOT explain the patterns in the MOG. The MOG is a natural correspondence, or pairing, of the 35 diamond-theorem structures with the 35 partitions of an eight-element set into two four-element sets. That correspondence is explained in a 1910 paper by G. M. Conwell, "The 3-Space PG(3,2) and Its Group." The Conwell correspondence was later found to be invariant under the action of the large Mathieu group on a set of 24=16+8 elements. Response to the Above Reply — Generating answers for you… Thank you for the clarification. You’re correct that the Cullinane Diamond Theorem, by itself, does not explain the patterns in the Miracle Octad Generator (MOG). The MOG is indeed a natural correspondence of the 35 structures from the Diamond Theorem with the 35 partitions of an eight-element set into two four-element sets. This correspondence was explained by G. M. Conwell in his 1910 paper “The 3-Space PG(3,2) and Its Group.” The Conwell correspondence was later found to be invariant under the action of the large Mathieu group on a set of 24 elements, which can be partitioned into a set of 16 and a set of 8. I appreciate your input and the opportunity to learn from it. If you have any more questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask!
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"Unsocratic Dialogue" with Google DeepMind's Gemini AI continues . . .
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Do you remember a previous conversation about the question "What is the Cullinane diamond theorem?" If so, how would you answer the question now?
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What is the Cullinane diamond theorem?
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Two notes from this journal on December 2, 2023 —
A flashback for The November Man —
As for " my own 'diamond theorem' " —
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Question — "What is mathematician Steven H. Cullinane known for?" From the Copilot response (shorn of footnotes) — "Steven H. Cullinane is known for his work in finite geometry, particularly his Diamond Theorem. This theorem explains the surprising symmetry properties of some simple graphic designs, such as those found in quilts. It also provides a model for the 15 points, 35 lines, and 15 hyperplanes of the finite projective space PG (3,2). Cullinane’s work underlies the structure of the 35 square patterns in R. T. Curtis’s Miracle Octad Generator. His theorem has applications to sporadic simple groups, the connection between orthogonal Latin squares and projective spreads, and the symmetry of Walsh functions." |
Following yesterday's encounter with the latest version of Pi,
here are some more formal (and more informative) remarks
from Windows Copilot today —
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Question — "What is mathematician Steven H. Cullinane known for?" From the Copilot response (shorn of footnotes) — "Steven H. Cullinane is known for his work in finite geometry, particularly his Diamond Theorem. This theorem explains the surprising symmetry properties of some simple graphic designs, such as those found in quilts. It also provides a model for the 15 points, 35 lines, and 15 hyperplanes of the finite projective space PG (3,2). Cullinane’s work underlies the structure of the 35 square patterns in R. T. Curtis’s Miracle Octad Generator. His theorem has applications to sporadic simple groups, the connection between orthogonal Latin squares and projective spreads, and the symmetry of Walsh functions." |
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"Symmetry is the concept that something can undergo a series of transformations—spinning, folding, reflecting, moving through time—and, at the end of all those changes, appear unchanged. It lurks everywhere in the universe, from the configuration of quarks to the arrangement of galaxies in the cosmos. The Enormous Theorem demonstrates with mathematical precision that any kind of symmetry can be broken down and grouped into one of four families, according to shared features. For mathematicians devoted to the rigorous study of symmetry, or group theorists, the theorem is an accomplishment no less sweeping, important, or fundamental than the periodic table of the elements was for chemists. In the future, it could lead to other profound discoveries about the fabric of the universe and the nature of reality. Except, of course, that it is a mess: the equations, corollaries, and conjectures of the proof have been tossed amid more than 500 journal articles, some buried in thick volumes, filled with the mixture of Greek, Latin, and other characters used in the dense language of mathematics. Add to that chaos the fact that each contributor wrote in his or her idiosyncratic style. That mess is a problem because without every piece of the proof in position, the entirety trembles. For comparison, imagine the two-million-plus stones of the Great Pyramid of Giza strewn haphazardly across the Sahara, with only a few people who know how they fit together. Without an accessible proof of the Enormous Theorem, future mathematicians would have two perilous choices: simply trust the proof without knowing much about how it works or reinvent the wheel. (No mathematician would ever be comfortable with the first option, and the second option would be nearly impossible.)" — Ornes, Stephen (2015). "The Whole Universe Catalog : Before they die, aging mathematicians are racing to save the Enormous Theorem's proof, all 15,000 pages of it, which divides existence four ways." Scientific American, July 2015: 313 (1), 68–75. Reprinted in Stewart, Amy; Folger, Tim. The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2016 (The Best American Series) (pp. 222-230). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition. |
Compare and contrast with the ChatGPT version.
For related remarks, see a reference from OEIS, A001438 —
David Joyner and Jon-Lark Kim,
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8256-9_3">
Kittens, Mathematical Blackjack, and Combinatorial Codes</a>,
Chapter 3 in Selected Unsolved Problems in Coding Theory,
Applied and Numerical Harmonic Analysis, Springer, 2011,
pp. 47-70, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-8176-8256-9_3.
Today happens to be a related online-publication anniversary —
* A part of what might be called, more generally,. "figurate geometry."
For a different sort of Lightbox, more closely associated with
the number 13, see instances in this journal of . . .
(Adapted from Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Eleventh Edition (1911), Crystallography .)
"Before time began . . . ." — Optimus Prime
The conclusion of a Hungarian political figure's obituary in
tonight's online New York Times, written by Clay Risen —
"A quietly religious man, he spent his last years translating
works dealing with Roman Catholic canon law."
This journal on the Hungarian's date of death, October 8,
a Sunday, dealt in part with the submission to Wikipedia of
the following brief article . . . and its prompt rejection.
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The Cullinane diamond theorem is a theorem
The theorem also explains symmetry properties of the Reference
1. Cullinane diamond theorem at |
Some quotations I prefer to Catholic canon law —
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Ludwig Wittgenstein,
97. Thought is surrounded by a halo. * See the post Wittgenstein's Diamond. Related language in Łukasiewicz (1937)—
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See as well Diamond Theory in 1937.
This post was prompted by the recent removal of a reference to
the theorem on the Wikipedia "Diamond theorem" disambiguation
page. The reference, which has been there since 2015, was removed
because it linked to an external source (Encyclopedia of Mathematics)
instead of to a Wikipedia article.
For anyone who might be interested in creating a Wikipedia article on
my work, here are some facts that might be reformatted for that website . . .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
User:Cullinane/sandbox —
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Cullinane diamond theorem The theorem uses finite geometry to explain some symmetry properties of some simple graphic designs, like those found in quilts, that are constructed from chevrons or diamonds. The theorem was first discovered by Steven H. Cullinane in 1975 and was published in 1977 in Computer Graphics and Art. The theorem was also published as an abstract in 1979 in Notices of the American Mathematical Society. The symmetry properties described by the theorem are related to those of the Miracle Octad Generator of R. T. Curtis. The theorem is described in detail in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics article "Cullinane diamond theorem." References Steven H. Cullinane, "Diamond theory," Computer Graphics and Art, Vol. 2, No. 1, February 1977, pages 5-7. _________, Abstract 79T-A37, "Symmetry invariance in a diamond ring," Notices of the American Mathematical Society, February 1979, pages A-193, 194. _________, "Cullinane diamond theorem," Encyclopedia of Mathematics. R. T. Curtis, A new combinatorial approach to M24, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1976, Vol. 79, Issue 1, pages 24-42. |
The previous post suggests a phrase by George Mackey from a classic
1980 mathematics paper — "the exploitation of symmetry."
Another approach to exploitation, in a flashback to Sept. 9 last year . . .
See too the 2021 film "Last Night in Soho" and . . .
Friday, September 1, 2023
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Monday, May 8, 2017
New Pinterest Board
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The face at lower left above is that of an early Design edgelord.
A product of that edgelord's school —
See a design by Prince-Ramus in today's New York Times —
Remarks quoted here on the above San Diego date —
A related void —
This afternoon's Windows lockscreen is Badlands National Park —
From this morning's post, a phrase from Schopenhauer —
"Apparent Design in the Fate of the Individual."
An apparent design in the philosophy of Optimus Prime —
"Before time began, there was the Cube" —
Click the image for further remarks.
"Finite geometry explains the surprising symmetry properties
of some simple graphic designs." … Good summary.
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By ChatGPT* —
What is the Cullinane diamond theorem? The Cullinane Diamond Theorem, also known as the Diamond Theorem, is a result in combinatorial mathematics proposed by Steven H. Cullinane. The theorem explores connections between finite geometries, algebraic structures, and combinatorial designs.
The theorem is primarily concerned with four related structures: 2. Vector spaces: The theorem connects finite vector spaces over finite fields to the aforementioned finite geometries. 3. Boolean functions:* The theorem establishes relationships between the finite geometries and certain Boolean functions derived from them.
4. Symmetry groups: The theorem involves symmetry groups associated with the finite geometries. * With one revision by Cullinane: "Boolean functions" replaces "Boolean algebras." See (for instance) M. A. Harrison, “On the classification of Boolean functions by the general linear and affine groups,” Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1964 12:2, 285-299. |
Saturday, September 17, 2016
A Box of Nothing
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For those who prefer comedy —
(Perspective Not as Symbolic Form)
From a post of June 8, 2014 —
See August 6, 2013 — Desargues via Galois.
See "Two Approaches to Local-Global Symmetry"
(this journal, Jan. 19, 2023), which discusses
local group actions on plane and solid graphic
patterns that induce global group actions.
See also local and global group actions of a different sort in
the July 11, 1986, note "Inner and Outer Group Actions."
This post was suggested by some remarks of Barry Mazur,
quoted in the previous post, on " Wittgenstein's 'language game,' "
Grothendieck, global views, local views and "locales."
Further reading on "locales" — Wikipedia, Pointless topology.
The word "locale" in mathematics was apparently* introduced by Isbell —
ISBELL, JOHN R. “ATOMLESS PARTS OF SPACES.”
Mathematica Scandinavica, vol. 31, no. 1, 1972, pp. 5–32.
JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24490585.
* According to page 841 of . . .
Johnstone, P. (2001). "Elements of the History of Locale Theory."
Pp. 835–851 in: Aull, C.E., Lowen, R. (eds) Handbook of the
History of General Topology, Vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht.
Perhaps Crossan should have consulted Galois, not Piaget . . .
From Hermann Weyl's 1952 classic Symmetry —
"Galois' ideas, which for several decades remained
a book with seven seals but later exerted a more
and more profound influence upon the whole
development of mathematics, are contained in
a farewell letter written to a friend on the eve of
his death, which he met in a silly duel at the age of
twenty-one. This letter, if judged by the novelty and
profundity of ideas it contains, is perhaps the most
substantial piece of writing in the whole literature
of mankind."
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You, Xi-lin; Zhang, Peter. "Interality in Heidegger."
The term "interology" is meant as an interventional alternative to traditional Western ontology. The idea is to help shift people's attention and preoccupation from subjects, objects, and entities to the interzones, intervals, voids, constitutive grounds, relational fields, interpellative assemblages, rhizomes, and nothingness that lie between, outside, or beyond the so-called subjects, objects, and entities; from being to nothing, interbeing, and becoming; from self-identicalness to relationality, chance encounters, and new possibilities of life; from "to be" to "and … and … and …" (to borrow Deleuze's language); from the actual to the virtual; and so on. As such, the term wills nothing short of a paradigm shift. Unlike other "logoi," which have their "objects of study," interology studies interality, which is a non-object, a no-thing that in-forms and constitutes the objects and things studied by other logoi. |
Some remarks from this journal on April 1, 2015 —
Manifest O
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| 83-06-21 | An invariance of symmetry The diamond theorem on a 4x4x4 cube, and a sketch of the proof. |
| 83-10-01 | Portrait of O A table of the octahedral group O using the 24 patterns from the 2×2 case of the diamond theorem. |
| 83-10-16 | Study of O A different way of looking at the octahedral group, using cubes that illustrate the 2x2x2 case of the diamond theorem. |
| 84-09-15 | Diamonds and whirls Block designs of a different sort — graphic figures on cubes. See also the University of Exeter page on the octahedral group O. |
The above site, finitegeometry.org/sc, illustrates how the symmetry
of various visual patterns is explained by what Zhang calls "interality."
Sometimes the word "preform" is not a misspelling.
"… there are present in every psyche forms which are unconscious
but nonetheless active — living dispositions, ideas in the Platonic sense,
that preform and continually influence our thoughts and feelings and actions."
The Source: Jung on a facultas praeformandi . . .
Illustration —
"A primordial image . . . .
the axial system of a crystal"
For those who prefer a Jewish approach to these matters —
(Post last updated at about 2:10 PM ET on Jan. 23, 2023.)
Organic Symmetry
"Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum
and is one of the elementary petrochemicals.
Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between
the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an
aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is a colorless
and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell,
and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline."
Anti-Organic Symmetry —
The exercise posted here on Sept. 11, 2022, suggests a
more precisely stated problem . . .
The 24 coordinate-positions of the 4096 length-24 words of the
extended binary Golay code G24 can be arranged in a 4×6 array
in, of course, 24! ways.
Some of these ways are more geometrically natural than others.
See, for instance, the Miracle Octad Generator of R. T. Curtis.
What is the size of the largest subcode C of G24 that can be
arranged in a 4×6 array in such a way that the set of words of C
is invariant under the symmetry group of the rectangle itself, i.e. the
four-group of the identity along with horizontal and vertical reflections
and 180-degree rotation.
Recent Log24 posts tagged Bitspace describe the structure of
an 8-dimensional (256-word) code in a 4×6 array that has such
symmetry, but it is not yet clear whether that "cube-motif" code
is a Golay subcode. (Its octads are Golay, but possibly not all its
dodecads; the octads do not quite generate the entire code.)
Magma may have an answer, but I have had little experience in
its use.
* Footnote of 30 September 2022. The 4×6 problem is a
special case of a more general symmetric embedding problem.
Given a linear code C and a mapping of C to parts of a geometric
object A with symmetry group G, what is the largest subcode of C
invariant under G? What is the largest such subcode under all
such mappings from C to A?
From "Raiders of the Lost Space," Sept. 11, 2022 —
A related technique appears in a 1989 paper by Cheng and Sloane
that I saw for the first time today:
From 1981 —
From today —
Update —
A Magma check of the motif-generated space shows that
its dimension is only 8, not 12 as with the MOG space.
Four more basis vectors can be added to the 24 motifs to
bring the generated space up to 12 dimensions: the left
brick, the middle brick, the top half (2×6), the left half (4×3).
I have not yet checked the minimum weight in the resulting
12-dimensional 4×6 bit-space.
— SHC 4 PM ET, Sept. 12, 2022.
Gell-Mann Meets Bosch . . .
At Hiroshima . . .
* The Bosch cuboctahedron is from an exhibition at Napoli in 2021.
See also, from that exhibition's starting date,
the Log24 post Desperately Seeking Symmetry.
At Hiroshima on March 9, 2018, Aitchison discussed another
"hexagonal array" with two added points… not at the center, but
rather at the ends of a cube's diagonal axis of symmetry.
See some related illustrations below.
Fans of the fictional "Transfiguration College" in the play
"Heroes of the Fourth Turning" may recall that August 6,
another Hiroshima date, was the Feast of the Transfiguration.
The exceptional role of 0 and ∞ in Aitchison's diagram is echoed
by the occurence of these symbols in the "knight" labeling of a
Miracle Octad Generator octad —
Transposition of 0 and ∞ in the knight coordinatization
induces the symplectic polarity of PG(3,2) discussed by
(for instance) Anne Duncan in 1968.
A Companion Volume —
See as well this journal on the above publication date —
Continued from April 12, 2022.
"It’s important, as art historian Reinhard Spieler has noted,
that after a brief, unproductive stay in Paris, circa 1907,
Kandinsky chose to paint in Munich. That’s where he formed
the Expressionist art group Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) —
and where he avoided having to deal with cubism."
— David Carrier,
Remarks by Louis Menand in The New Yorker today —
"The art world isn’t a fixed entity.
It’s continually being reconstituted
as new artistic styles emerge."
(Adapted from Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Eleventh Edition (1911), Crystallography .)
"Before time began, there was the Cube."
— Optimus Prime
See as well Verbum (February 18, 2017).
Related dramatic music —
"Westworld Season 4 begins at Hoover Dam,
with William looking to buy the famous landmark.
What does he consider to be 'stolen' data that is inside?"
Related material — Posts tagged Interality and Seven Seals.
From Hermann Weyl's 1952 classic Symmetry —
"Galois' ideas, which for several decades remained
a book with seven seals but later exerted a more
and more profound influence upon the whole
development of mathematics, are contained in
a farewell letter written to a friend on the eve of
his death, which he met in a silly duel at the age of
twenty-one. This letter, if judged by the novelty and
profundity of ideas it contains, is perhaps the most
substantial piece of writing in the whole literature
of mankind."
WIkipedia on the URL suffix ".io" —
"In computer science, "IO" or "I/O" is commonly used
as an abbreviation for input/output, which makes the
.io domain desirable for services that want to be
associated with technology. .io domains are often used
for open source projects, application programming
interfaces ("APIs"), startup companies, browser games,
and other online services."
An association with the Bead Game from a post of April 7, 2018 —
|
Glasperlenspiel passage quoted here in Summa Mythologica —
“"I suddenly realized that in the language, or at any rate A less poetic meditation on the above 4x4x4 design cube —
"I saw that in the alternation between front and back, See also a related remark by Lévi-Strauss in 1955:
"…three different readings become possible: |
The recent use by a startup company of the URL "interality.io" suggests
a fourth reading for the 1955 list of Lévi-Strauss — in and out —
i.e., inner and outer group automorphisms — from a 2011 post
on the birthday of T. S. Eliot :
A transformation:
Click on the picture for details.
| Name Tag | .Space | .Group | .Art |
|---|---|---|---|
| Box4 |
2×2 square representing the four-point finite affine geometry AG(2,2). (Box4.space) |
S4 = AGL(2,2) (Box4.group) |
(Box4.art) |
| Box6 |
3×2 (3-row, 2-column) rectangular array representing the elements of an arbitrary 6-set. |
S6 | |
| Box8 | 2x2x2 cube or 4×2 (4-row, 2-column) array. | S8 or A8 or AGL(3,2) of order 1344, or GL(3,2) of order 168 | |
| Box9 | The 3×3 square. | AGL(2,3) or GL(2,3) | |
| Box12 | The 12 edges of a cube, or a 4×3 array for picturing the actions of the Mathieu group M12. | Symmetries of the cube or elements of the group M12 | |
| Box13 | The 13 symmetry axes of the cube. | Symmetries of the cube. | |
| Box15 |
The 15 points of PG(3,2), the projective geometry of 3 dimensions over the 2-element Galois field. |
Collineations of PG(3,2) | |
| Box16 |
The 16 points of AG(4,2), the affine geometry of 4 dimensions over the 2-element Galois field. |
AGL(4,2), the affine group of |
|
| Box20 | The configuration representing Desargues's theorem. | ||
| Box21 | The 21 points and 21 lines of PG(2,4). | ||
| Box24 | The 24 points of the Steiner system S(5, 8, 24). | ||
| Box25 | A 5×5 array representing PG(2,5). | ||
| Box27 |
The 3-dimensional Galois affine space over the 3-element Galois field GF(3). |
||
| Box28 | The 28 bitangents of a plane quartic curve. | ||
| Box32 |
Pair of 4×4 arrays representing orthogonal Latin squares. |
Used to represent elements of AGL(4,2) |
|
| Box35 |
A 5-row-by-7-column array representing the 35 lines in the finite projective space PG(3,2) |
PGL(3,2), order 20,160 | |
| Box36 | Eurler's 36-officer problem. | ||
| Box45 | The 45 Pascal points of the Pascal configuration. | ||
| Box48 | The 48 elements of the group AGL(2,3). | AGL(2,3). | |
| Box56 |
The 56 three-sets within an 8-set or |
||
| Box60 | The Klein configuration. | ||
| Box64 | Solomon's cube. |
— Steven H. Cullinane, March 26-27, 2022
See as well the life of a real astrophysicist.
Update of 12:26 PM ET March 15:
Vide other posts now tagged The Rosenhain Symmetry.
By the Daniel J. Peterson whose Swarthmore honors thesis was quoted
here last night —
"What, then, is the relationship between theory-relative symmetries
(physical symmetries) and theory-independent symmetries
(overarching symmetries)? My statement of this problem is
a bit abstract, so let’s look at an example: classical Newtonian gravity
and classical electromagnetism . . . ."
— Prospects for a New Account of Time Reversal
by Daniel J. Peterson, Ph.D. dissertation, U. Mich., 2013, p. 16.
Another 2013 approach to the word "overarching" and sytmmetries —
Other terms of interest: Tenet , Nolanism , and Magic for Liars .
"There is such a thing as a tesseract."
— Mrs. Whatsit in A Wrinkle in Time (1962)
"Simplify, simplify." — Henry David Thoreau in Walden (1854)
|
A Jungian on this six-line figure:
“They are the same six lines that exist in the I Ching…. Now observe the square more closely: four of the lines are of equal length, the other two are longer…. For this reason symmetry cannot be statically produced and a dance results.” |
Related art — The non-Rubik 3x3x3 cube —
The above structure illustrates the affine space of three dimensions
over the three-element finite (i.e., Galois) field, GF(3). Enthusiasts
of Judith Brown's nihilistic philosophy may note the "radiance" of the
13 axes of symmetry within the "central, structuring" subcube.
I prefer the radiance (in the sense of Aquinas) of the central, structuring
eightfold cube at the center of the affine space of six dimensions over
the two-element field GF(2).
Some formal symmetry —
|
"… each 2×4 "brick" in the 1974 Miracle Octad Generator
Folding a 2×4 Curtis array yet again yields — Steven H. Cullinane on April 19, 2016 — The Folding. |
Related art-historical remarks:
The Shape of Time (Kubler, Yale U.P., 1962).
See yesterday's post The Thing .
A Log24 search for "Watercourse" leads to . . .
("Watercourse" is in the Customer review link.)
The "five years ago" link leads to . . .
|
"What modern painters are trying to do,
— James J. Gibson in Leonardo An example of invariant structure:
The three line diagrams above result from the three partitions, into pairs of 2-element sets, of the 4-element set from which the entries of the bottom colored figure are drawn. Taken as a set, these three line diagrams describe the structure of the bottom colored figure. After coordinatizing the figure in a suitable manner, we find that this set of three line diagrams is invariant under the group of 16 binary translations acting on the colored figure. A more remarkable invariance — that of symmetry itself — is observed if we arbitrarily and repeatedly permute rows and/or columns and/or 2×2 quadrants of the colored figure above. Each resulting figure has some ordinary or color-interchange symmetry. This sort of mathematics illustrates the invisible "form" or "idea" behind the visible two-color pattern. Hence it exemplifies, in a way, the conflict described by Plato between those who say that "real existence belongs only to that which can be handled" and those who say that "true reality consists in certain intelligible and bodiless forms." |
* See that title in this journal.
"Consider the six-dimensional vector space ( 𝔽2 )6
over the two-element field 𝔽2 ."
— Page 23 of "The Universal Kummer Threefold,"
arXiv:1208.1229v3, 12 June 2013, by Qingchun Ren,
Steven V. Sam, Gus Schrader, and Bernd Sturmfels.
An illustration of that space from 1981 —
The above recollection of the Kummer Threefold remark was suggested by
recent posts now tagged Smallfield . . .
|
"Third Man – an elderly American railway bum, "Art to which I fix my celebrated signature." — "Third Man" in Victor Snaith's play "Changing Stations"
|
If we read the above "art" as a scythe blade to which the "signature" —
Snaith ("the crooked handle or shaft of a scythe") — is attached,
an image of the late art critic Robert Hughes comes to mind:
That image of Hughes appeared here in a post of June 17, 2015 —
"Slow Art, Continued" — that also referenced the Kummer Threefold
paper above.
(A sequel to this morning's post A Subtle Knife for Sean.)
Exhibit A —
Einstein in The Saturday Review, 1949 —
"In any case it was quite sufficient for me
if I could peg proofs upon propositions
the validity of which did not seem to me to be dubious.
For example, I remember that an uncle told me
the Pythagorean theorem before the holy geometry booklet
had come into my hands. After much effort I succeeded
in 'proving' this theorem on the basis of the similarity
of triangles; in doing so it seemed to me 'evident' that
the relations of the sides of the right-angled triangles
would have to be completely determined by one of the
acute angles. Only something which did not in similar fashion
seem to be 'evident' appeared to me to be in need of any proof
at all. Also, the objects with which geometry deals seemed to
be of no different type than the objects of sensory perception,
'which can be seen and touched.' This primitive idea, which
probably also lies at the bottom of the well-known Kantian
problematic concerning the possibility of 'synthetic judgments
a priori' rests obviously upon the fact that the relation of
geometrical concepts to objects of direct experience
(rigid rod, finite interval, etc.) was unconsciously present."
Exhibit B —
Strogatz in The New Yorker, 2015 —
"Einstein, unfortunately, left no … record of his childhood proof.
In his Saturday Review essay, he described it in general terms,
mentioning only that it relied on 'the similarity of triangles.'
The consensus among Einstein’s biographers is that he probably
discovered, on his own, a standard textbook proof in which similar
triangles (meaning triangles that are like photographic reductions
or enlargements of one another) do indeed play a starring role.
Walter Isaacson, Jeremy Bernstein, and Banesh Hoffman all come
to this deflating conclusion, and each of them describes the steps
that Einstein would have followed as he unwittingly reinvented
a well-known proof."
Exhibit C —
Schroeder presents an elegant and memorable proof. He attributes
the proof to Einstein, citing purely hearsay evidence in a footnote.
The only other evidence for Einstein's connection with the proof
is his 1949 Saturday Review remarks. If Einstein did come up with
the proof at age 11 and discuss it with others later, as Schroeder
claims, it seems he might have felt a certain pride and been more
specific in 1949, instead of merely mentioning the theorem in passing
before he discussed Kantian philosophy relating concepts to objects.
Strogatz says that . . .
"What we’re seeing here is a quintessential use of
a symmetry argument… scaling….
Throughout his career, Einstein would continue to
deploy symmetry arguments like a scalpel, getting to
the hidden heart of things."
Connoisseurs of bullshit may prefer a faux-Chinese approach to
"the hidden heart of things." See Log24 on August 16, 2021 —
http://m759.net/wordpress/?p=96023 —
In a Nutshell: The Core of Everything .
The title refers to a recent Ariana Grande video.
Academics may prefer . . .
For a purely mathematical approach to switching the positions see . . .
.
For related philosophical remarks, see "Arrowy, Still Strings."
Update on April 20, 2021 —
The following was added today to the above summary:
“It describes a group of 322,560 permutations, later known as
‘the octad group,’ that now plays a role in speculative high-energy physics.
See Moonshine, Superconformal Symmetry, and Quantum Error Correction .”
Twelves (in memory of Robert de Marrais) —
Receipt date for the above article —
Synchronicity check —
Related reading —
http://www.universityreaders.com/pdf/
Incarnations-of-the-Blaring-Bluesblinger_sneak_preview.pdf
“None of the memories and identities of the people in the city are solid.”
— Grimstrup, Jesper Møller. SHELL BEACH:
The search for the final theory . Kindle Edition.
See also Peter Woit’s “Various Links” post today and Shell Beach in this journal.
For another approach to solidity (from pure mathematics, not physics), see
a Log24 search for Solid Symmetry.
(Adapted from Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Eleventh Edition (1911), Crystallography .)
From today’s post “Logo Animation” —
Related material from the art world —
Related entertainment —
“V. is whatever lights you to the end of the street: she is also the dark annihilation waiting at the end of the street.” (Tony Tanner, page 36, "V. and V-2," in Pynchon: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Edward Mendelson. Prentice-Hall, 1978. 16-55). |
Midrash — Other posts tagged Annihilation.
The title is a phrase by Robert Hughes from the previous post.
The previous post contained a passage from Iris Murdoch’s
1961 essay “Against Dryness.” Some related philosophy —
For those who prefer pure mathematics to philosophical ruminations
there are some relevant remarks in my webpage of August 27, 2003.
“For the first thirty years of its history, Columbia was known as King’s College.”
— History of the University Identity
Hence the crown favicon—
“When people talk about the importance of the study of ‘symmetry’
in mathematics, physics, and elsewhere, they often make the mistake
of only paying attention to the symmetry groups. The structure you
actually have is not just a group (the abstract ‘symmetries’), but an
action of that group on some other object, the thing that has symmetries.”
— Peter Woit of Columbia on June 9, reviewing a Quanta Magazine article
* From earlier posts in this journal containing the title phrase.
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