"The loveliness of Paris seems somehow sadly gay." — Song lyric
https://theosophy.wiki/en/Jirah_Dewey_Buck —
" Dr. Jirah Dewey Buck (November 20, 1838 – December 13, 1916)
was a physician who worked to establish one of the first Theosophical
lodges in the United States, the Cincinnati Theosophical Society, and
the American Section of the international Theosophical Society in 1886 . . . ."
"Buck was born in Fredonia, New York
on November 20, 1838 . . . .
[He was] 'a recognized leader of a definite school
of Masonic thought and propaganda'."
The above metadata was suggested by an image I happened to see today,
the "Tetragrammaton of Pythagoras" —
"Duck Soup" fans may recall the war between Freedonia and Sylvania.
For some images more in the spirit of Sylvania, see "Triangles Are Square."
Related material from Wikipedia —
Keith A. Gessen (born January 9, 1975) is a Russian-born
American novelist, journalist, and literary translator.
He is co-founder and co-editor of American literary magazine
and an assistant professor of journalism at the Columbia University
Graduate School of Journalism.
Early life and education
Born Konstantin Alexandrovich Gessen into a Jewish family in Moscow….
Some related images —
The logo of a news site that yesterday
covered a Colorado Springs story:
On Feb. 11, Christian Lawson-Perfect posed an interesting question
about mappings between square and triangular grids:
For the same question posed about non -continuous bijections,
see "Triangles are Square."
I posed the related non– continuous question in correspondence in
the 1980's, and later online in 2012. Naturally, I wondered in the
1980's about the continuous question and conformal mappings,
but didn't follow up that line of thought.
Perfect last appeared in this journal on May 20, 2014,
in the HTML title line for the link "offensive."
For the circular rectangle, see today's earlier post "Enter Jonathan Miller…."
A recent view of the above address —
American Mathematical Monthly , June-July 1984 — MISCELLANEA, 129 Triangles are square
"Every triangle consists of n congruent copies of itself" |
* See Cube Bricks 1984 in previous post.
"Without the possibility that an origin can be lost, forgotten, or
alienated into what springs forth from it, an origin could not be
an origin. The possibility of inscription is thus a necessary possibility,
one that must always be possible."
— Rodolphe Gasché, The Tain of the Mirror ,
Harvard University Press, 1986
An inscription from 2010 —
An inscription from 1984 —
American Mathematical Monthly, June-July 1984, p. 382 MISCELLANEA, 129 Triangles are square
"Every triangle consists of n congruent copies of itself" |
* See also other Log24 posts mentioning this phrase.
The previous two posts dealt, rather indirectly, with
the notion of "cube bricks" (Cullinane, 1984) —
Group actions on partitions —
Cube Bricks 1984 —
Another mathematical remark from 1984 —
For further details, see Triangles Are Square.
Roger Cooke in the Notices of the American
Mathematical Society , April 2010 —
"Life on the Mathematical Frontier:
Legendary Figures and Their Adventures"
"In most cases involving the modern era, there
are enough documents to produce a clear picture
of mathematical developments, and conjectures
for which there is no eyewitness or documentary
evidence are not needed. Even so, legends do
arise. (Who has not heard the 'explanation' of
the absence of a Nobel Prize in mathematics?)
The situation is different regarding ancient math-
ematics, however, especially in the period before
Plato’s students began to study geometry. Much
of the prehistory involves allegations about the
mysterious Pythagoreans, and sorting out what is
reliable from what is not is a tricky task.
In this article, I will begin with some modern
anecdotes that have become either legend or
folklore, then work backward in time to take a
more detailed look at Greek mathematics, especially
the Pythagoreans, Plato, and Euclid. I hope at the
very least that the reader finds my examples
amusing, that being one of my goals. If readers
also take away some new insight or mathematical
aphorisms, expressing a sense of the worthiness of
our calling, that would be even better."
Aphorism: "Triangles are square."
(American Mathematical Monthly , June-July 1984)
Insight: The Square-Triangle Theorem.
A sequel to last night's post The 4×4 Relativity Problem —
In other words, how should the triangle corresponding to
the above square be coordinatized ?
See also a post of July 8, 2012 — "Not Quite Obvious."
Context — "Triangles Are Square," a webpage stemming
from an American Mathematical Monthly item published
in 1984.
The title refers to that of today's previous post, which linked to
a song from the June 1, 1983, album Synchronicity .
(Cf. that term in this journal.)
For some work of my own from the following year, 1984, see…
… as well as the Orwellian dictum Triangles Are Square.
(The cubical figure at left above is from the same month,
if not the same day, as Synchronicity — June 21, 1983.)
Update of May 27, 2013:
The post below is now outdated. See
http://planetmath.org/cullinanediamondtheorem .
__________________________________________________________________
The brief note on the diamond theorem at PlanetMath
disappeared some time ago. Here is a link to its
current URL: http://planetmath.org/?op=getobj;from=lec;id=49.
Update of 3 PM ET Jan. 2, 2013—
Another item recovered from Internet storage:
Click on the Monthly page for some background.
"A figurate number… is a number
that can be represented by
a regular geometrical arrangement
of equally spaced points."
— Eric W. Weisstein at Wolfram MathWorld
For example—
Call a convex polytope P an n-replica if P consists of n
mutually congruent polytopes similar to P packed together.
The square-triangle theorem (or lemma) says that
"Every triangle is an n-replica"
is true if and only if n is a square.
Equivalently,
The positive integer n is a square
if and only if every triangle is an n-replica.
(I.e., squares are triangular.)
This supplies the converse to the saying that
For example—
A letter to the editor of the American Mathematical Monthly
from the June-July 1985 issue has—
… a "square-triangle" lemma:
(∀ t ∈ T , t is an n -replica )
[I.e., "Every triangle is an n -replica" |
For definitions, see the 1985 letter in Triangles Are Square.
(The 1984 lemma discussed there has now, in response to an article
in Wolfram MathWorld, been renamed the square-triangle theorem .)
A search today for related material yielded the following—
"Suppose that one side of a triangle has length n . Then it can be cut into n 2 congruent triangles which are similar to the original one and whose corresponding sides to the side of length n have lengths 1." |
This was supplied, without attribution, as part of the official solution
to Problem 3 in the 17th Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad
from March 2005. Apparently it seemed obvious to the composer
of the problem. As the 1985 letter notes, it may be not quite obvious.
At any rate, it served in Problem 3 as a lemma , in the sense
described above by Wikipedia. See related remarks by Doron Zeilberger.
Last night's post described a book by Alexander Soifer
on questions closely related to— and possibly
suggested by— a Miscellanea item and a letter to
the editor in the American Mathematical Monthly ,
June-July issues of 1984 and 1985.
Further search yields a series of three papers by
Michael Beeson on the same questions. These papers are
more mathematically presentable than Soifer's book.
Triangle Tiling I —
http://www.michaelbeeson.com/research/papers/TriangleTiling1.pdf
March 2, 2012
Triangle Tiling II —
http://www.michaelbeeson.com/research/papers/TriangleTiling2.pdf
February 18, 2012
Triangle Tiling III —
http://www.michaelbeeson.com/research/papers/TriangleTiling3.pdf
March 11, 2012
These three recent preprints replace some 2010 drafts not now available.
Here are the abstracts of those drafts—
"Tiling triangle ABC with congruent triangles similar to ABC"
(March 13, 2010),
"Tiling a triangle with congruent triangles"
(July 1, 2010).
Beeson, like Soifer, omits any reference to the "Triangles are square" item
of 1984 and the followup letter of 1985 in the Monthly .
(Continued from March 18, 2012)
Found in a search this evening—
How Does One Cut a Triangle? by Alexander Soifer
(Second edition, Springer, 2009. First edition published
by Soifer's Center for Excellence in Mathematical Education,
Colorado Springs, CO, in 1990.)
This book, of xxx + 174 pages, covers questions closely related
to the "square-triangle" result I published in a letter to the
editor of the June-July 1985 American Mathematical Monthly
(Vol. 92, No. 6, p. 443). See Square-Triangle Theorem.
Soifer's four pages of references include neither that letter
nor the Monthly item, "Miscellaneum 129: Triangles are square"
of a year earlier that prompted the letter.
MathWorld.Wolfram.com has an article titled "Square-Triangle Theorem."
An article of my own, whose HTML title was previously "Triangles are Square," has been retitled accordingly.
Thursday's post Triangles Are Square posed the problem of
finding "natural" maps from the 16 subsquares of a 4×4 square
to the 16 equilateral subtriangles of an edge-4 equilateral triangle.
Here is a trial solution of the inverse problem—
Exercise— Devise a test for "naturality" of
such mappings and apply it to the above.
Coming across John H. Conway's 1991*
pinwheel triangle decomposition this morning—
— suggested a review of a triangle decomposition result from 1984:
Figure A
(Click the below image to enlarge.)
The above 1985 note immediately suggests a problem—
What mappings of a square with c 2 congruent parts
to a triangle with c 2 congruent parts are "natural"?**
(In Figure A above, whether the 322,560 natural transformations
of the 16-part square map in any natural way to transformations
of the 16-part triangle is not immediately apparent.)
* Communicated to Charles Radin in January 1991. The Conway
decomposition may, of course, have been discovered much earlier.
** Update of Jan. 18, 2012— For a trial solution to the inverse
problem, see the "Triangles are Square" page at finitegeometry.org.
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